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Geography
Diverse climates hindered movement across Africa.
Trade Expansion
Surpluses from farming increased trade activities.
Sahara Trade Routes
Gold and salt traded across desert pathways.
Sahel Region
Dry grasslands crucial for trade and settlements.
Camel Caravan
Transported goods across North African trade routes.
Ancient Ghana
First major kingdom between Senegal and Niger rivers.
Kumbi Saleh
Capital of Ghana, controlled trade routes.
Gold Abundance
Gold found easily in Ghana's sands.
Soninke Empire
Dominated gold-salt routes from 300-1200s.
Islam in Ghana
Conversion due to trade with Muslim merchants.
Oral Traditions
Histories passed down through storytelling, no writing.
Griots
Professional storytellers preserving African histories.
Sundiata Epic
Tale of Mandinka chief Sundiata's rise.
Mali Empire
Controlled gold-salt trade, founded by Sundiata.
Mansa Musa
Famous king who went on Hajj to Mecca.
Timbuktu
Cultural center for learning and trade.
Taghaza Mines
Source of salt traded in Mali.
Songhai Empire
Strengthened ties with the Muslim world.
Yoruba Kingdoms
Strong kingdoms known for terracotta sculptures.
Hausa City-States
Independent states known for trade and weaving.
Benin Kingdom
Traded with Portugal, known for bronze artwork.
Kongo Kingdom
Dominated Central African trade, allied with Portuguese.
Afonso I
Kongo king who allied with Portugal in 15th century.
