Found. of Nutrition V/M

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) - functions

vision (rhodopsin), immunity, growth

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) - Sources

preformed - animal produced

preformed - R/O/Y plants + DGLV

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) - Deficiency

night blindness (nyctalopia)

keratomalacia

xeropthalmia

Bitot’s spots

What is the #1 preventable cause of blindness

vitamin A deficiency

What two things are required to get vitamin A out of storage

zinc and protein

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) - Toxicity

dry skin, bone pain, hair loss

Vitamin D (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol) - Functions

prohormone, calcium, phosphorus absorption

Vitamin D (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol) - Sources

D3 (cholecalciferol) - fortified dairy, fatty fish

D3 (cholecalciferol) is hydroxylated in liver and kidneys to fully activate as

calcitriol (D2)

Vitamin D (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol) - Deficiency

rickets

osteomalacia

What is the best biomarker of vitamin D

25-hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol) - Toxicity

hypercalcemia

Vitamin D (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol) - RDAs

<1 = 400 IU

1-70 = 600 IU

>70 = 800 IU

Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) - Functions

lipid antioxidant

Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) - Sources

nuts, seeds, oils

Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) - Deficiency

hemolytic anemia in infants

peripheral neuropathy

Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) - Toxicity

No known toxicity from foods

Supplements - thin the blood + diarrhea

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone) - Functions

formation of carboxygluatmates (Ca2+ binding sites) in clotting (fibrinogen)

bone formation (osteocalcin)

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone) - Sources

phylloquinone - DGLV

menaquinone - meat, eggs, made by gut bacteria

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone) - Deficiency

increased clotting time

Infants given vitamin K injection at birth (avoid brain bleeding)

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone) - Toxicity

NONE

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Functions

antioxidant (regenerates vitamin E)

collagen synthesis (hydroxylation of proline and lysine)

nonheme iron absorption

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Sources

peppers (destroyed by heat) and citrus fruits

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Deficiency

Scurvy (bleeding gums)

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Toxicity

diarrhea

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - RDA

smokers have higher requirements

Thiamin (B1) - Functions

coenzyme (TPP) for dehydrogenases

noncoenzyme (TTP) required by nervous system

Thiamin (B1) - Sources

enriched grains, meats, legumes

**Raw fish BAD SOURCE - contain thiamin-degrading enzymes

Thiamin (B1) - Deficiency

Wernicke’s encepalopathy

Acute beriberi - infants

Wet beriberi - adults, edema

Dry beriberi - high carb intake, calf pain and difficulty walking

Thiamin (B1) - Toxicity

NONE

Riboflavin (B2) - Functions

coenzyme (FAD/FMN) - Krebs, ETC, niacin synthesis (dehydrogenases)

Riboflavin (B2) - Sources

milk (opaque containers, denatured by light)

enriched grains

Riboflavin (B2) - Deficiency

ariboflavinosis (magenta tongue, glossitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis)

Riboflavin (B2) - Toxicity

NONE

Niacin (B3) - Functions

coenzyme

• NAD - dehydrogenases (redox)

  • NADPH - building pathways, lipid and cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elgonation

Niacin (B3) - Sources

meat, fish, enriched grains

Synthesis from tryptophan requires what three things

riboflavin, B6, and iron

Niacin (B3) - Deficiency

pellagra (4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

Niacin (B3) - Toxicity

supplements can cause hot flashes

What three pathologies/vitamin deficiencies are typically found together

ariboflavinosis, pellagra, B6 deficiency

Pantothenic acid (B5) - Functions

part of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Pantothenic acid (B5) - Deficiency

Burning feet syndrome

Pyridoxine (B6) - Functions

coenzyme (PLP) for AA metabolism (transamination) and niacin synthesis

Pyridoxine (B6) - sources

meats, enriched grains

Pyridoxine (B6) - Deficiency

peripheral neuropathy

microcytic hypochromic anemia (b/c req. for heme synthesis)

Pyridoxine (B6) - Toxicity

peripheral neuropathy

Biotin (B7) - Functions

coenzyme (biocytin) for carboxylases

**committed step in FA synthesis

Biotin (B7) - Sources

made by gut bacteria

Biotin (B7) - Egg whites contain a biotin-binder called

avidin

Folate (B9) - Functions

coenzyme (THF) methylation reactions in DNA synthesis and cell replication

Folate (B9) - Sources

Folate - DGLV

Folic acid - supplements, enriched wheat

Digestion of folate requires

zinc-dependent conjugase enzyme in SI

Folate (B9) - Deficiency

neural tube defects

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

Folate (B9) - Toxicity

folic acid supplements can mask B12 deficiency (causes permanent nerve damage)

Cobalamin (B12) - Functions

coenzymes:

methylcobalamin (homocysteine remethylation)

adenosylcobalamin (AA metabolism)

Cobalamin (B12) - sources

meats

*vegetarians at risk of deficiency

Cobalamin (B12) - Deficiency

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

peripheral neuropathy

pernicious anemia

Calcium (most abundant mineral) - Functions

bone and cell signaling

Calcium (most abundant mineral) - Absorption

absorbed via calbindin 9K (SI)

calbindin 28k (kidney) - require vitamin D for synthesis

Calcium (most abundant mineral) - sources

dairy, low-oxalate greens (kale, broccoli)

Calcium (most abundant mineral) - Deficiency

hypocalcemia, tetany, osteoporosis

Calcium (most abundant mineral) - Toxicity

hypercalcemia, kidney stones

Phosphorus (2nd most abundant mineral) - Function

bone, phosphate in ATP, cAMP, buffer

Phosphorus (2nd most abundant mineral) - Sources

animal products, dairy, eggs

Phosphorus (2nd most abundant mineral) - Deficiency

hypophosphatemia

bone loss in those who consume aluminum containing antacids

Phosphorus (2nd most abundant mineral) - Toxicity

hyperphosphatemia

**decreases calcium absorption

**nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Magnesium - Functions

bone, muscle relaxation (Ca2+ channel blocker), stabilizes ATP, PTH release

Magnesium - Sources

nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood

Magnesium - Deficiency

hypomagnesemia, muscle weakness, cramps, HA, fatigue

Magnesium - Toxicity

none from foods

supplements - slurred speech and diarrhea

Sodium - Functions

major cation in extracellular fluid

muscle action

Sodium - Sources

table salt, cured meats, canned soups

Sodium - Deficiency

hyponatremia, muscle cramps, seizures

Sodium - Toxicity

hypernatremia, HTN, edema

causes calcium excretion (hypocalcemia)

Potassium - Functions

major cation in intracellular fluid

insulin release

blood pressure

Potassium - Sources

sweet potatoes, banana, avocado, dairy

Potassium - Deficiency

hypokalemia, arrhythmia, muscle weakness

Potassium - Toxicity

hyperkalemia, arrhythmia

Chloride - Functions

major anion in extracellular fluid

HCl in digestion

chloride shift in respiration

Chloride - Sources

table saly, cured meats, canned coups

Chloride - Deficiency

metabolic alkalosis

Chromium - Functions

insulin release and binding

Chromium - sources

yeast, grains

Chromium - deficiency

impaired blood sugar regulation

Iodine - functions

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3)

Iodine - sources

seafood, iodized salt

Iodine - deficiency

kids - cretinism

adults - goiter

myxedema (severe hypothyroid)

#1 cause of preventable brain damage in the world

iodine deficiency

Fluoride - functions

bone and teeth

Fluoride - sources

water, toothpaste, tea

Fluoride - deficiency

dental carries

Fluoride - toxicity

fluorosis, bone pitting

Iron - functions

oxygen transport (hemoglobin)

cofactor - cytochromes (catalase)

Iron - sources

heme - red meat

nonheme - plants and supplements (require ferrireductase + vit C)

Fe3+

ferric = most active

Fe2+

ferrous = most absorbable

Iron - RDAs

Men and postmenopausal females - 8mg/d

Women of childbearing age - 18mg/d

Iron - deficiency (#1 nutritional def)

microcytic hypochromic anemia, fatigue, pallor

Iron - toxicity

fatal in large quantities, nausea, vomiting

hemochromatosis (genetic - excess iron)

Ferritin function

iron stores