Science

volcano

land-form, a mountain, where molten rocks erupt through the surface of the planet.

Vent

Main opening of volcano where magma and volcanic materials are emitted.

Crater

Circular depression that surrounds the vents

Conduit

The pipe or vent at the heart of a volcano where material wells up from beneath the surface. Serves as a passageway for the magma to come out of the volcano.

Magma chamber

The location beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock is stored prior to eruption

Fissure

Long narrow crack where molten rocks may come out

Fumaroles

It is a crack at the side of the volcano where only gases are being expelled

Flank

side of the volcano

ash cloud

A cloud formed from tiny ash particles and gases blasted from the volcano.

Dike and Sill

Intrusive igneous rocks. They don't come out of a volcano, they are formed inside of the volcano.

Shield volcanoes

built out of layers of lava from continual eruptions. Can produce huge areas of basalt, which is lava when cooled.

Stratovolcanoes

Also known as composite volcano, is a tall conical volcano. It is built of many layers of hardened lava.

Cinder cones

Smallest and simplest type of volcano

caldera

large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses. When the magma chamber empties, the support that the magma had provided inside the chamber disappears

subduction boundary

Volcanoes are formed when two tectonic plates move towards each other. When these plates meet, one of them goes under the continental plate

hot spot volcanoes

when tectonic plates move over a hot spot in the Earth's crust.

divergent boundary

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

destructive plate boundary

happens where an oceanic and continental plate move towards each other.

constructive plate margin

the plates move apart from one another. When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make (or construct) new land in the form of a shield volcano. The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes.

Ring of Fire

also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes

Active Volcano

currently erupting, or it has erupted in the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of material made

Potentially-active/Dormant Volcano

Morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption

Inactive Volcano

No recorded eruptions physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.

Extinct Volcano

volcanoes that are not expected to erupt in the future

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing

Phreatic or Hydrothermal

Is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water.

Phreatomagmatic

a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma

Strombolian

periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava

Vulcanian

Characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra

Plinian

excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics

Weather

day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors

Climate

average weather condition in an area over a long period. determined by two factors: Temperature and Precipitation.

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is.

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

Dry season

November to May

Wet season

June to October

Altitude

The elevation of distance above the mean sea level, the height of a point above sea level.

Ocean Currents

the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density

Distance from the sea

Factor influencing weather. The further away you are from the ocean/sea the bigger the range in temperature

Cloud Cover

Amount of clouds in an area.
More cloud cover; Smaller difference in temperature, Less cloud cover; Bigger difference in temperature

Humidity

a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air

Water vapor

water in the form of a gas

Prevailing winds

winds that blow in the same direction over large areas of Earth

Mountain ranges

The side of the mountain facing the wind is known as the windward side, it receives most air and has more precipitation. Areas on this side have cold, wet climate. Meanwhile, the other side, known as the leeward side, has little precipitation and a dry climate.

star

great ball of gas from mostly elements of hydrogen which is converted to helium through a thermonuclear reaction called fusion

Refractions

when light passes through from one medium to another.

Nuclear Fusion

when hydrogen mixed with another hydrogen element

Sun

An average star, not cool nor hot, not big nor small.

Temperature and color

stars range in color from red, orange, yellow, white, blue.
Red stars: 2000℃, Blue stars: 50000℃

Lightyear

the distance light travels in a year

Apparent Magnitude

the brightness of a star as seen from Earth

Absolute Magnitude

The actual brightness of a star

Luminosity

The energy of a star that plots the color of the star.

Spectroscope

used to measure the chemical composition of the stars.

Constellations

A group of stars that forms a shape or pattern.

Orion: The hunter

Betelgeuse and Rigel

Polaris (North Star)

Very close to the North Celestial Pole, making it the current northern pole star.

Taurus

The Bull
April 20-May 20

Scorpius

The scorpion
October 24 to about November 21

Virgo

The Maiden
August 23 - September 22

Pegasus

Winged horse that sprung from Medusa's blood; ridden by Bellerophon but is later taken by Zeus up to Olympus