Anatomy II: Chapter 25 pt 2

What gives the medullary pyramids their striped appearance?

The arrangement of the collecting ducts

80% of Energy used for active transport is for _______.

sodium reabsorption

What is the function of aquaporins in the kidneys?

They allow water to follow the salt by passive transport

Which cells are the most active reabsorbers in the nephron?

Cells of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

What percentage of sodium (Na+) is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

65%

What percentage of bicarbonate (HCO3-) is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

80%

What percentage of chloride (Cl-) is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

60%

Tubular secretion is responsible for disposing of _______ and metabolites tightly bound to plasma proteins.

drugs

Tubular secretion eliminates undesirable substances that have been _______ passively.

reabsorbed

Tubular secretion rids the body of excess _______.

K+

Tubular secretion helps control blood pH by ridding the blood of _______ and making _______.

H+, bicarbonate

One of the main functions of the kidneys is to maintain a constant _______ level in body fluids.

solute

Kidneys use ________ to regulates the concentration and volume of urine.

countercurrent mechanisms

The term ______ refers to the flow of fluid through adjacent tubes in opposite directions.

countercurrent

The main idea of the countercurrent mechanism is that the two limbs are close enough to _______ each other.

affect

How do concurrent mechanisms work in the kidneys?

By creating an osmotic gradient from the cortex through the medulla

What does osmolality reflect?

The solution's ability to cause osmosis

Where does the countercurrent exchange occur in the kidneys?

Between the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta blood vessels

Where does the countercurrent multiplier occur in the kidneys?

Between the ascending and descending limbs of the loops of Henle

How does the loop of Henle and the collecting system interact in the kidneys?

regulate the amount of water and the number of Na+ and Cl- ions lost to the urine

What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to?

water only

What happens as tubular fluid descends into the increasingly salty medulla?

More water leaves the tube, and NaCl stays in

Where does the filtrate osmolality reach its highest point?

At the bend of the loop of Henle

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle water does what?

remains in the tubule while Na⁺ and Cl⁻ are actively reabsorbed​

The collecting duct helps maintain the osmotic gradient through _____.

urea recycling

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates what?

excretion of highly concentrated urine

Diuretics are chemicals that do what?

increase urine output

Aldosterone controls the uptake of…

sodium in the kidneys

Why do women get more UTIs than men?

their urethra very short

_______ gives urine its normal yellowish tint.

Urochrome

__ vitamins can cause urine to appear bright yellow?

B

______ refers to the inability to control the urge to urinate.

Incontinence

Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma that is…

cleared of a substance in a given time

The bladder has a nice 3 layered thick muscle called the ______.

detusor

The bladder can hold almost a ___ of fluid!

liter

________ refers to the process of urination.

Micturition

What is Cystitis?

inflammation of the bladder

A renal calculus is commonly known as…

a kidney stone