HOA PT.3 ⋆｡°✩

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Shakyamuni Buddha

_____________, as a travelling teacher sharing his insights with those who were receptive and interested from the nearby kingdoms, set the precedent.

True

T/F: Southeast Asian Buddhism is believed to most closely resemble early Indian Buddhism, and Southeast Asia is now the center of the Theravada Buddhist tradition.

Theravada Buddhism

Southern (Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, parts of Southeast Asia)

Mahayana Buddhism

Northern (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, parts of Southeast Asia )

Vajrayana Buddhism

Tibet and Nepal

India - west, south and east

China - Tibetan autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in the north

Buddhist Architecture in Nepal lies between two great eastern civilization

Kathmandu

Bhaktapur or Bhadgaon

Patan or Lalitpur

Three Main Cities and Ancient Capitals:

Kathmandu Valley

Crossroads of ancient civilization of Asia. Named after a structure in Durbar Square called “Kaasthamandap” wood + covered shelter.

True

T/F: Hinduism predominate religion with 86.5% of the population. Buddhism (Tibetan Tantric) is next largest religion, 7.8%. Islam, 3.5%

Lumbini Garden

Birth Place of Lord Buddha

Stupas/Chorten

oldest monuments

Durbar Square

Generic name used to describe plazas opposite old royal palaces in Nepal. Typical formal feature is the monumental pillar supporting a metal superstructure adorned with mystical symbols, group of divinities and portrait statuary of royalties

Swayambhunath Stupa

“All Seeing One” embossed in metal and ivory on each of the 4 sides.

Boudhanath Stupa

Revered by Buddhist (as well as Nepalese Hindus.)

Gaya-jatri

festival to worship the holy cows

Patan

Lalitpur (the city of beauty) – ancient name

Circular in shape and situated about 3 miles

south-east of Kathmandu, a short distance from the southern bank of the river Bagmati.

Bhimsen Temple, Patan

It is renowned for its three interconnected golden windows. Bhimsen is a great hero in Mahabharata. He was known to be very brave and strong. In Newa Tradition, he is worshipped as a god of business and trade.

Krishna Temple, Patan

Typical sikhara spire with clusters of small pavillions on each side of the 3 arcaded storey. Carved stone frieze depicting romantic Krishna legend.

Vishwanath Temple, Patan

Vishwanath temple is dedicated to god Shiva. The roof supports are decorated with erotic carvings similar to imagery widespread in Shiva temples in India. The temple is guarded by two stone elephants in the front entrance. On the other side of the temple is the sculpture of a bull, Shiva‟s vehicle.

Taleju Bhawani Temple, Patan

was the personal deity of the Malla kings. It is a five-storey temple with triple-roofs

Sacred Town of Pashupati (17th c.)

Stands on the banks of the Bagmati, dedicated to Lord Shiva Holy Region of Hindu, and community of Nepalese Buddhists.

Pashupatinath Temple

Dedicated to Lord Shiva the guardian deity of Nepal Temples and shrines with golden gilt roof and large richly carved silver gates. All the dyings are brought for cremation.

Bhadgaon

Also known as Bhaktpur(Bhaktapur) "city of devotee". Home of medieval art and architecture. Regarded as the oldest city of the valley.

Statue of Bhupatindra Malla

Famous for its arts in column.

Golden Gate

Famous as the richest piece of art in the whole Kingdom.

Palace of 55 Windows (National Gallery)

Old palace of brick walls remarkable for its carved balcony with 55 windows. built by Raja Yasksha Malla in 1427 AD

Changu Narayan Temple

One of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley dedicated to Vishnu constructed in the 3rd c.

Nyatapola Temple

Near contemporary monuments to make a convincing political and religious statement while erecting a temple to his personal deity

Bhairavnath Temple

is dedicated to Bhairava the fiercest and manifestation aspect of lord Shiva.

Bamiyan Valley

(Buddhist Architecture in Afghanistan) Statues are prototypes of colossal image cult which later appeared in China and Japan

Rock cut sanctuaries and assembly halls – reflect building types once existing in Gandhara influenced by Graeco- RomanSassanian styles

Tepe Sardar, Ghazni

(Buddhist Architecture in Afghanistan) Large Buddhist monastery complex The main Stupa is surrounded by many miniature stupas and shrines, ornamented with clay bas reliefs. There were several colossal statues of the Buddha, included one seated and of the Buddha in Nirvana

Indus
Mekong
Brahmaputra

(Buddhist Architecture in Tibet)
Five of Asia’s great rivers including:

Mount Kailash

third and sacred mountain pilgrimage
site of Hindu and Bonpo as well as
Tibetan

Lung-ta (Prayer
Flag)

Wind horse which is both the subduer of
evil & the vehicle of enlightenment.

1 Roll

How many rolls of 25 flags were strung
together that shows the five traditional
designs?

five directions, the
five physical
elements, the five
wisdoms, the five
Meditation
Buddhas, the five
mental attributes, or
the five realms of
existence
with blue sky, white
cloud, red fire, green
water, and yellow
earth.

The five colours have many meanings in
Tibetan Buddhism

Chorten

(Tibetan
stupa)
Dome is smaller and the spire is more
prominent

1. Lotus Blossom
Stupa
2. Enlightenment
Stupa
3. Stupa of many
doors or gates
4. Stupa of descent
from the god realm
5. Stupa of great
Miracles
6. Stupa of
reconciliation
7. Stupa of complete
victory
8. Stupa of Nirvana

Eight different kinds of stupas, all referring to
major events in Buddha Shakyamuni’s life

Lotus Blossom
Stupa

birth of Buddha

Enlightenment
Stupa

35 year old Buddha (enlightenment at the
Bodhi tree)

Stupa of many
doors or gates

the Buddha taught his first students in a
deer-park near Sarnath

Stupa of descent
from the god realm

42 years old, Buddha spent a summer
retreat in Tushita Heaven, where his
mother had taken rebirth

Stupa of great
Miracles

This stupa refers to various miracles
performed by the Buddha when he was
50 years old

Stupa of
reconciliation

Buddha managed to reunite the Sangha,
and a stupa in this design was built in the
kingdom of Magadha.

Stupa of complete
victory

This commemorate Buddha successfully
prolonging his life by three months

Stupa of Nirvana

This stupa refers to the death of the
Buddha, when he was 80 years old. It
symbolizes the Buddha‟s complete
absorption into the highest state of mind.

Potala Palace

Outer White Palace - houses the
administrative quarters,
Inner Red Quarters - houses the assembly
hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines
and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.
13-storey palace stands 117 meters high
and has over 1,000 rooms.
Covers an area of 360,000 square meters.
Made of stone and wood, with walls
averaging from 1 – 5 meters thick

White Palace or
Potrang Karpo

is the part of the Potala Palace that
makes up the living quarters of the Dalai
Lama.

Red Palace or
Potrang Marpo

is part of the Potala palace that is
completely devoted to religious study and
Buddhist prayer.

Norbulingka
(Treasure Garden)

It served as the traditional summer
residence of the successive Dalai Lamas
from the 1780s up until the 14th Dalai
Lama's exile in 1959.

Songtsän Gampo

Founded the first two Tibetan Buddhist
temples in Lhasa.
He married two Buddhist brides: a
Nepalese princess and a Chinese princess.
He built each wife a temple to hold each
of their Buddha statues

Jokhang Temple

Housed the Nepalese queen's statue of
Akshobya Buddha. Now, this temple
houses the gold statue of the crowned
Buddha.

This temple has become the holy center
of Tibet.
It consists of a vast number of assembly
halls

First Buddhist temple in Tibet, located
on Barkhor Square in Lhasa.

Heavenly Jokhan

Talisman guarding the rooftop of
Jokhang,
the most revered religious icon of Tibet
where hundreds of prostrating pilgrams
gathers every day.

Ramoche Temple

housed the Chinese queen's statue of
Sakyamuni Buddha, known as Jowo.
It is the second holiest shrine in Lhasa.
It is designed with simplistic lines.

Samye Monastery or
Samye Gompa

It is the first Buddhist monastery built in
Tibet.

It was probably first constructed between
775-9 CE under the patronage of King
Trisong Detsen of Tibet who sought to
revitalize Buddhism, which had declined
since its introduction by King Songtsän
Gampo in the 7th century.

Tagong Temple

It‟s a symbol of the cultural mixture of the
nations in China at that time and is one of the most important temples in Tibet.
It combines the architecture style from
both Tibet and China.
The high golden tower is a symbol of
Tibetan temple while edge of the roof
resembles Han Chinese style.

The Land of
PAGODAS and
TEMPLES

Buddhist Architecture in Burma

Zedi

Pahto, but are also commonly called
Hpaya synonymous with "Buddha“

Hpongyi Kyaung

Monasteries

1.Pyu (6th c. until
1044)
2.Bagan and Post
Bagan (1044 – 1347)
3.Tungoo (1347 –
1596)
4.2nd/3rd Ava (1596
– 1789)
5-Amarapura (1789 –
1853)
6.Mandalay (1853 –
1948)

6 periods of the Myanmar Kingdom

Nats

Spirits or gods who resembles human.
People who often have a gruesome
violent
death which explains their vengeful
nature.
Often maintains or guards objects.

Bagan, an ancient
capital

Kyaiktiyo Pagoda in
Mon State

Mahamuni Buddha
in Mandalay

Shwedagon Pagoda
in Yangon

Four most important Burmese Buddhist
pilgrimage sites are:

Bagan (Pagan)

Site of an old capital city of Myanmar.

Pilgrimage center and contains ancient
Buddhist shrines that have been restored
and redecorated and are in current use.

Ananda Temple

Contained within the temple are 4 great
statues of the Buddhas.

It has been built with bricks and plaster
depicting iconographic images in stones
and plaques (terra-cotta glazed tiles) with
the main purpose of educating the
people
of the region in the religious ethos of
Theravada Buddhism and in accordance
with the personal beliefs of the King
Kyanzittha.

Dhammayangyi
Temple

It is the largest temple in Bagan, built by
King Narathu who reigned from 1167 to
1170.

Shwezigon Pagoda

Built as the most important reliquary
shrine
in Bagan.

It contains several bones and hairs of the
Buddha.

Pre-Buddhist Nat worship were combined
with Buddhist themes in the pagoda‟s
construction

Gawdawpalin,
Temple

In contrast to the stupas, the hollow
gu-style temple is a structure used for
meditation, devotional worship of the
Buddha and other Buddhist rituals

Mahabodhi Temple

Smaller version of the famous Bodhi
temple
in Bodh Gaya, India (where the Buddha
attained enlightenment beneath the
Bodhi
tree).

Kyaiktiyo Pagoda

Known as Golden Rock, famous Buddhist
pilgrimage site in Mon State, Burma.

Believers claim that the large boulder was
placed on the cliff 2,500 years ago, by two
nats.

The Mahamuni
Buddha, Mandalay

Buddha is housed under a pagoda built in
the 1800s.

The Great Sage, also known as the Maha
Myat Muni Paya, Rakhine Paya, Payagyi, is
a major Buddhist pilgrimage site.

Buddha statue was brought from Rakhine
State in 1784 by King Bodawpaya as spoils
of war.

Shwedagon
Pagoda, Rangoon

Sits on Singuttara Hill and dominates the
skyline of Rangoon, Burma.

Many pavilions (tazaungs), resting places
(zayats), assorted images, statues,
temples,
shrines and smaller pagodas are grouped
around the massive central stupa.

Manokthihas (sphinxes), surrounded by a
number of ‘chinte’ are found, one at each
corner of the platform.

Monastery of Popa
Taungkalat

2,417 feet, an ancient, sheer-sided volcanic
Plug
A Buddhist monastery is located at the
summit of Taung Kalat.
At one time, the Buddhist hermit U
Khandi
maintained the stairway of 777 steps to
the summit of Taung Kalat.

Nga Phe Chaung
Monastery

Wooden monastery built on stilts and
located in Inle Lake.

The monastery is also known for a
collection
of old Myanmar's Buddha images from
different areas that are worth seeing.
Nga Phe Chaug is the biggest and oldest
monastery on the Inle Lake and is worth
visiting for its historical purposes and
architecture
Built in the 1850s, it is now home to
numerous Buddhas as well as cats that
are
trained to jump through hoops.

Shwenandaw
Kyaung

Monastery built of wood, and is one of the
oldest wooden buildings in Mandalay that
was spared from damage during the WW
II.

Shwenandaw with its intricate
woodcarvings - ornamentation of figures
and flowers.

Mandalay Palace

It is the last royal palace of the last
Burmese
Monarchy.

The plan of Mandalay Palace largely
follows
the traditional Burmese palace design,
inside a walled fort surrounded by a moat
All buildings of the palace are of one
storey
in height.

Buddhist
Architecture in
Thailand

Formerly known as Siam

It is the 20th-most-populous country in
the
world, with around 66 million people.
The capital and largest city is Bangkok

Siam

has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma (meaning "dark" or "brown").

Thai

According to George Coedès, the word (ไทย) means "free man" in the language, "differentiating the ___ from the natives encompassed in ____ society as serfs.“

True

T/F: A famous Thai scholar argued that
Thai (ไท) simply means "people" or
"human being"

Thailand

The only Southeast Asian nation that has
never been colonized

Dome Stupa
Terrace Stupa
Tower Stupa
(Pagoda)

Types of Stupa in Buddhist Architecture in
Thailand

Dome Stupa

Visual element is dome
Sanchi is the prototype
Early stupas in India, Sri Lanka, Burma
and Thailand. Variant forms are seen in
Tibet and Japan

Terrace Stupa

Dome is diminished and raised upon a
podium formed by a truncated, stepped
Pyramid.

Common in Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Central
and Southeast Asia

Tower Stupa
(Pagoda)

Multi-layered, tower like structure. Two main forms: Brick of masonry which indicates the layers by a series of relatively inconspicuous cornices or windows with a finial on its summit. Timber which expresses its storeys by a series of articulated roofs with a finial on its summit.

Exemplified by Bodhgaya and by masonry towers of China and in Japan

Thai Buddhist
Temple

Group of religious buildings and other
features (such as trees and lakes),
surrounded by a wall, and with at least
one gate.

Phuttha-wat

Temple complex
dedicated to Buddha

Sangha-wat

Living quarters of the monks

Wat

Thai Buddhist temple or monastery.

Ideally the main entrance faces east.

Chedi/Prang
(Stupa/Pagoda)

Domed edifice, under which relics of the
Buddha or revered religious teachers
are buried.

Prang (Pagoda)

Thai civilization‟s chief modification to the
Khmer prang was to make it more
delicate, thinner, and vertical in emphasis.

Bell-shaped style
Square Chedi
Indented Chedi
Suwanna Chedi -
Prang
Suwanna Stepped
Chedi

Types of Chedi

Bell-shaped style

(Types of Chedi)
Phra Pathom Chedi, Nakorn Pathom,
Bangkok

Tallest Chedi in Thailand. with a
base diameter of around 233 m. and
a height of more than 120 m.

Square Chedi

(Types of Chedi)

Northern Thailand balances a smaller
dome on a high square base

each side
has a niche carved with Buddha images.

Sits on a terrace or platform, often with
an enclosed walkway for devotees to
make ritual circumambulation

Indented Chedi

(Types of Chedi)

Small dome balanced on a square base
with indented corners

Suwanna Chedi -
Prang

(Types of Chedi)
Ayutthayan or Khmer style of reliquary,
found all over central Thailand from the
Khmers..

Shaped like a corn cob standing on top
of a square or cruciform building, with
an entrance on one side.

Suwanna Stepped
Chedi

(Types of Chedi)
Found in Northern Thailand Square
stepped base, with 5 tiers above, each of
the four faces containing 3 Buddha
images

Bot/Ubosot

Consecrated ordination hall of a Wat,
where
new monks take their vows.

Has six boundary stones (Bai Sema) that define the limits of its sanctuary.
Usually open only to the monks.
Faces east and usually houses an altar
and one or several Buddha images

Phra Rabieng

Cloister like-galleries around the
Bot/Ubosot
Along the walls of the Phra Rabieng are
Buddha images and sometimes religious
furniture

Viharn

Sermon hall and is usually the busiest
building in a Wat and open to everyone.

Holds an altar and one or several Buddha
Images

Inside the viharn is a Buddha image
either
seated or standing.

Located at the far end of the hall and face
east, for that is the direction that Buddha
achieved Enlightenment