A&P Lab - Cardiovascular System

Blood Type A - Antigen

Displays Antigen A

Blood Type B - Antigen

Display Antigen B

Blood Type AB - Antigen

Displays both Antigens A and B

Blood Type O - Antigen

Displays neither Antigen A or B

What does Plasma contain?

Antibodies to the A or B antigens not found in your blood

What Antigen does Anti-A Antibody react with?

Antigen A

What Antigen does Anti-B Antibody react with?

Antigen B

Blood Type A - Antibody

Anti-B Antibody

Blood Type B - Antibody

Anti-A Antibody

Blood Type AB - Antibody

Neither Antibody

Blood Type O - Antibody

Both Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies

Universal Recipient? Why?

Type AB Blood (AB+)

No antibodies in Plasma

Universal Donor? Why?

Type O Blood (O-)

No antigens on RBCs

Rh Blood Groups

Rh+ and Rh-

Rh+

Has Rh Antigens on RBCs

Rh-

No Rh Antigens on RBCs and no anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

How do Antibodies Develop in Rh- Blood Type?

Only with exposure to antigen (transfusion of positive blood or during pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus)

*transfusion rxn upon 2nd exposure to antigen results in Hemolysis

Red Blood Cells

Have no nucleus

Male Normal RBC Count

5.4 million/drop

Female Normal RBC Count

4.8 million/drop

Anemia

Low RBC count or not enough Hemoglobin

Polycythemia

High RBC count

Dehydration; blood doping in athletes

Hematocrit over 65%

White Blood Cells

Nucleated

Normal WBC Count

5000 to 10000 cells/drop

Leukocytosis

High WBC count

Microbial infection

Leukopenia

Low WBC count

Radiation; Chemotherapy

2 Groups of WBCs

Granular Leukocytes

Agranular Leukocytes

Granular Leukocytes

Granules in cytoplasm

Types of Granular Leukocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

Agranular Leukocytes

Lack granules in cytoplasm

Types of Agranular Leukocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear WBCs

2 to 5 lobes to nucleus

Pale granules (practically invisible)

60% - 70% (most numerous)

Lymphocytes

Dark round nucleus occupying almost entire cell

Cytoplasm blue in color

20% - 25%

Monocytes

Horse-shoe shaped nucleus

Largest WBC

3% - 8%

Eosinophils

2 or 3 lobes to nucleus

Large granules stained orange-red (do not obscure the nucleus)

2% - 4%

Basophils

Bilobed nuclei

Large, dark purple granules (obscure the nucleus)

<1% (least abundant)

Normal Female Hematocrit

38% - 46%

Normal Male Hematocrit

40% - 54%

Normal Female Hemoglobin

12 to 15g He/100mL

Normal Male Hemoglobin

13 to 16g He/100mL

Most Common Blood Type

O+

Rarest Blood Type

AB-

What Wave is Atrial Depolarization?

P wave

What Wave is Ventricular Depolarization?

QRS wave

What Wave is Ventricular Repolarization?

T wave

Calculating Heartbeats per Minute

1. Count squares in one beat

2. Multiply by 0.04 to get 1 beat per ___ number of seconds

3. Convert to beats/min

Bradycardia

Heart rate less than 60 bpm

Tachycardia

Heart rate over 100 bpm

Normal BPM

60-100 bpm

Taking Blood Pressure

1. Sphygmomanometer above elbow over anterior arm

2. Stethoscope on Brachial Artery

3. Close valve and pump to ~180mm Hg

4. Release air and listen for Korotkoff sounds

Blood Pressure - First Sound

Systolic Pressure

Blood Pressure - Last Sound

Diastolic Pressure

Pulse Pressure

Systolic - Diastolic

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Diastolic + (Pulse Pressure/3)

*about 1/3 way between systolic and diastolic

Take average of 2 measurements