Vertebrate Digestive System

Animals are ____ in that they rely on organic molecules made by other organisms for energy and nutrition.

Heterotrophs

Chemical digestion relies on ____ enzymes to catalyze the break-down of large organic molecules.

Hydrolytic

Food is moved through the digestive system via ____ which involves alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles.

Peristalsis

The wall of mammalian gastrointestinal tract generally consists of four layers: ____, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa from innermost to outermost.

Mucosa

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion?

Grinding of food in the gizzard of an earthworm

The human stomach has many folds called _____.

Rugae

All of the following are the liver's functions except for_______.

Production of gastric juice

The pancreas secretes the following except for ____.

Glycogen

Which of the following take(s) place in the mouth?

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, extracellular digestion (A, B, and C)

Bile is produced in the ____.

Liver

In humans, most of the digestion takes place in ____.

Duodenum

Food is moved through the gastrointestinal tract by ____.

Peristalsis

Human gastrointestinal tract includes the following structures in the order from mouth to anus.

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The submucosa is enriched with ____.

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (A and B)

Mammalian small intestine has the following section(s) except for ____.

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (A, B, and C)

Mammalian esophagus consists of the following layers from innermost to outermost.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, externa, and adventiti