Organic Chemistry Functional Groups

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Alkane

Alkene

Halide

Alkyne

Amide

Amine

Aromatic Compound (arene)

Carboxylic Acid

Ester

Ether

Ketone

Nitrile

Sulfide

Thiol

(Carboxylic) Acid Anhydride

Acid Halides

Constitutional Isomers

Same molecular formula, different connectivity (can be drawn differently)

Bronsted Acid

Donates/gives away H⁺ → turns into conjugate base

Bronsted Base

Accepts H⁺ → turns into conjugate acid

Lewis Acid

Accepts electron pair

Lewis Base

Donates electron pair (think Nitrogen with lone pair when neutral)

Strong acid

Substance able to dissociate 100% in water (break apart into ions) → weaker bonds → how easily a H⁺ is given away

Primary (1st degree)

Attached to 1 carbon

Secondary (2nd degree)

Attached to 2 carbons

Tertiary (3rd degree)

Attached to 3 carbons

Quaternary

Attached to 4 carbons

Methyl

CH₃

Methylene

CH₂

Methine

CH

Anti

Groups (ends) are 180 degrees apart from each other (most stable/less energy than gauche).

Gauche

Groups (ends) are 60 degrees apart from each other (less stable/more energy than anti).

Eclipsed

Groups (ends) are 0 degrees apart from each other (less stable than gauche/more energy).

Steric Strain/Hinderance

destabilization of molecule when atoms are too close to each other.

Torsional Strain

strain present between atoms in eclipsed conformation

Cis

Both substituents are on the same side (both up or both down).

Trans

They are on opposite sides (one up, one down).

Erythro

Like substituents are on the same side (Fischer Projection)

Threo

Like substituents are on opposite sides (Fischer Projection)

Meso compounds

Has multiple chirality centers, but molecule is achiral as they cancel out symmetrically