AP World Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization

Consequences of Industrialization

European Imperialism in India

Definition: The British East India Company began taking control of India after the Seven Years' War, culminating in British imperial rule after the Sepoy Mutiny (1857).

Opium Wars

Definition: Conflicts between Britain and China over opium trade (1839–1842, 1856–1860), leading to China’s forced signing of unequal treaties, opening the country to foreign influence.

Meiji Restoration (1868)

Definition: A period of rapid modernization in Japan, where the emperor was restored to power, and Japan became a major industrial and military power.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Definition: A Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence and imperialism, which ultimately failed but led to increased foreign control in China.

Berlin Conference (1884)

Definition: A meeting where European powers divided Africa into colonial territories, disregarding tribal boundaries and cultures.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Definition: A rebellion by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company due to religious and cultural disrespect, leading to British direct control over India.

Spanish-American War (1898)

Definition: The U.S. defeated Spain, gaining control over the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, which marked the beginning of U.S. imperialism in the Caribbean and Pacific.

Social Darwinism

Definition: The belief that certain races or classes are superior and thus naturally destined to dominate others, often used to justify imperialism.

Transnational Businesses

Definition: International corporations that operated across borders, contributing to Europe's economic dominance, particularly in Asia and Africa.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Definition: A U.S. foreign policy stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization and intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary

Definition: An extension of the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries’ financial disputes to maintain stability.

Imperialism

Definition: A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

Industrialization

Definition: The process by which economies shift from agrarian to industrial, characterized by the growth of factories, technological innovations, and urbanization.

Spheres of Influence

Definition: Areas where foreign nations have exclusive trading and economic rights, such as those imposed on China by European powers.

Robert Clive

Definition: A British officer who played a key role in establishing British control in India, especially after the Battle of Plassey (1757).

Rudyard Kipling

Definition: A British author who wrote "The White Man's Burden," justifying imperialism as a moral obligation to civilize non-Western nations.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Definition: U.S. naval officer who forced Japan to open its ports to Western trade through the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854).

Queen Victoria

Definition: British monarch who became Empress of India, overseeing the expansion of the British Empire during the height of imperialism.

Emperor Meiji

Definition: The emperor of Japan who led the Meiji Restoration, transforming Japan into a modern, industrialized nation.

India

Definition: A British colony known for its valuable resources like tea, silk, and jute; became a model of British imperialism after the British East India Company took control.

China

Definition: A nation subjected to foreign influence and imperialism through the Opium Wars, with multiple European powers establishing spheres of influence.

South Africa

Definition: Site of the Boer War (1899–1902) where British forces fought Dutch settlers (Boers) for control of valuable mineral resources.

Japan

Definition: A nation that resisted European influence until the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853, leading to the Meiji Restoration and Japan’s rise as a military power.

Congo

Definition: African territory claimed by Belgium at the Berlin Conference, where exploitation and harsh conditions under King Leopold II led to millions of deaths.

Suez Canal

Definition: A vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, completed in 1869, which became a strategic point for European powers.

White Man’s Burden

Definition: A poem by Rudyard Kipling that justified European imperialism as a moral duty to civilize non-European peoples.

British East India Company

Definition: A powerful British joint-stock company that gained political and economic control over India before British crown rule.

Unequal Treaties

Definition: Treaties imposed by Western powers on East Asian nations (especially China) that favored Western interests and undermined sovereignty.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Definition: Treaty that ended the First Opium War and granted Britain trade rights and control of Hong Kong.

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

Definition: Ended the First Sino-Japanese War; China gave Taiwan to Japan and recognized Korean independence.

Open Door Policy

Definition: U.S. policy in 1900 supporting equal trading rights in China and preserving Chinese territorial integrity.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Definition: A failed Chinese initiative in the 1860s to modernize military and economy to resist foreign powers.

Taiping Rebellion

Definition: A massive civil war in China (1850–1864) led by a religious leader aiming to overthrow the Qing Dynasty; millions died.

White Lotus Rebellion

Definition: A religious and anti-government uprising in China during the late 18th century, protesting corruption and high taxes.

Boer War (1899–1902)

Definition: War between the British and Dutch settlers in South Africa over control of land and resources; British victory led to colonial dominance.

Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Definition: War in which Japan defeated China and emerged as a major imperial power.

Panama Canal

Definition: A man-made waterway in Central America built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for trade and military power.

Abbas I

Definition: Egyptian ruler who temporarily slowed down industrial reforms started by Muhammad Ali.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Definition: Leader who modernized Egypt’s military and economy in the early 19th century, making it semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire.

Ethiopia

Definition: One of two African countries to successfully resist European colonization by defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

Liberia

Definition: African country founded by freed American slaves that remained independent during the Scramble for Africa.

Direct Rule

Definition: A form of imperial rule where the colonizing power directly controls the colony’s administration and policies.

Indirect Rule

Definition: A form of imperial rule where local leaders retained some authority under the guidance of colonial rulers; used by Britain in India and Africa.

Missionary Work

Definition: Religious efforts by Christians to convert indigenous people, often accompanying imperial expansion.

Raw Materials in Colonies

Definition: Natural resources like rubber, cotton, palm oil, tea, and sugar that were extracted from colonies to fuel industrial economies.

Environmental Impact of Imperialism

Definition: Rapid deforestation, depletion of resources, and pollution due to exploitation by imperial powers.

Cultural Erosion

Definition: The decline of traditional customs and beliefs due to forced Westernization and colonization.

Indian National Congress (1885)

Definition: A political party formed by educated Indians seeking greater self-rule, eventually leading India to independence.

White Man’s Burden

Definition: A poem by Rudyard Kipling that justified European imperialism as a moral duty to civilize non-European peoples.

British East India Company

Definition: A powerful British joint-stock company that gained political and economic control over India before British crown rule.

Unequal Treaties

Definition: Treaties imposed by Western powers on East Asian nations (especially China) that favored Western interests and undermined sovereignty.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Definition: Treaty that ended the First Opium War and granted Britain trade rights and control of Hong Kong.

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

Definition: Ended the First Sino-Japanese War; China gave Taiwan to Japan and recognized Korean independence.

Open Door Policy

Definition: U.S. policy in 1900 supporting equal trading rights in China and preserving Chinese territorial integrity.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Definition: A failed Chinese initiative in the 1860s to modernize military and economy to resist foreign powers.

Taiping Rebellion

Definition: A massive civil war in China (1850–1864) led by a religious leader aiming to overthrow the Qing Dynasty; millions died.

White Lotus Rebellion

Definition: A religious and anti-government uprising in China during the late 18th century, protesting corruption and high taxes.

Boer War (1899–1902)

Definition: War between the British and Dutch settlers in South Africa over control of land and resources; British victory led to colonial dominance.

Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Definition: War in which Japan defeated China and emerged as a major imperial power.

Panama Canal

Definition: A man-made waterway in Central America built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for trade and military power.

Abbas I

Definition: Egyptian ruler who temporarily slowed down industrial reforms started by Muhammad Ali.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Definition: Leader who modernized Egypt’s military and economy in the early 19th century, making it semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire.

Ethiopia

Definition: One of two African countries to successfully resist European colonization by defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

Liberia

Definition: African country founded by freed American slaves that remained independent during the Scramble for Africa.

Direct Rule

Definition: A form of imperial rule where the colonizing power directly controls the colony’s administration and policies.

Indirect Rule

Definition: A form of imperial rule where local leaders retained some authority under the guidance of colonial rulers; used by Britain in India and Africa.

Missionary Work

Definition: Religious efforts by Christians to convert indigenous people, often accompanying imperial expansion.

Raw Materials in Colonies

Definition: Natural resources like rubber, cotton, palm oil, tea, and sugar that were extracted from colonies to fuel industrial economies.

Environmental Impact of Imperialism

Definition: Rapid deforestation, depletion of resources, and pollution due to exploitation by imperial powers.

Cultural Erosion

Definition: The decline of traditional customs and beliefs due to forced Westernization and colonization.

Indian National Congress (1885)

Definition: A political party formed by educated Indians seeking greater self-rule, eventually leading India to independence.