Mod 2 ATI notes

culture

Beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are held among a group of people, are passed down from generation to generation, and hold context through art, myths, legends, proverbs, and media.

social determinants of health

The conditions in the environments where people are born and live that affect their health, well-being, and quality of life. 

interpersonal violence

Harm inflicted on an individual by another individual or a small group of individuals.

human trafficking

The unlawful practice of using people for commerce, often through forced labor or sexual exploitation.

preconception

The time of care before pregnancy.

prenatal

Occurring prior to birth.

postpartum

The time frame following birth that lasts for 6 to 8 weeks.

interconception care

Care given to maternal clients and their partners between one pregnancy and the next to optimize their health.

The nurse should understand that social determinants of health (SDOH) describe conditions that are both ____________, which influence _______.

• physical and social

• health outcomes

Therapeutic Communication Techniques

• ​​​​​​​Ask open-ended questions

• Respect privacy

• Introduce self and offer social pleasantries to start communication

• Provide empathy

• Use active listening

• Give the client an opportunity for reflection

• Offer self

• Ask relevant questions

• Provide information

• Paraphrase and reflect

• Clarify

• Focus

• Summarize

• Self-disclose​

offer self

Therapeutic communication technique in which the nurse shows their presence and interest in understanding the client without judgment.

substance use disorder (SUD)

Substance use disorder is a condition whereby an individual is unable to abstain from a substance, continues to use the substance even though there are negative consequences, and experiences withdrawal symptoms when they quit the substance.

polysubstance use

Use of more than one substance by an individual at a time. Can refer to substances used in combination or in close proximity of timeframe.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A spectrum of manifestations, including medical issues, behavioral issues, and learning difficulties, that can manifest in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth.

sudden unexplained infant death (SUID)

The unexpected death of an infant under the age of 1 year. Prior to investigation, there may not be a known cause of death.

vaping

Inhaling vapors that contain nicotine through use of a handheld electronic or battery-powered device.

Which of the following maternal or fetal complications or outcomes are associated with smoking during pregnancy? 

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

Preterm birth

Spontaneous abortion

small for gestational age

A newborn’s weight at birth is less than the 10th percentile for the newborn’s gestational age.

preeclampsia

A serious complication of pregnancy occurring after 20 weeks of gestation in which a client’s blood pressure value is above 140/90 mm Hg. It can be accompanied by proteinuria, edema, headache, and vision changes. Preeclampsia can become severe, resulting in seizures.

neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

A condition caused by infant withdrawal from substances that the fetus was exposed to during pregnancy.

Manifestations of NAS (Neonatal abstinence syndrome)

high-pitched cry, irritability, difficulties with feeding, tremors, hypertonia, vomiting, loose stools, seizures, and respiratory distress.

Fetal exposure to opioids during pregnancy manifestations

associated with impaired growth and development, microcephaly, neurobehavioral problems, and sudden unexpected infant death (SUID).

family structures

Framework in which the roles of individuals and members who make up a family are defined.

Which of the following are factors that can influence family structure?

Religion

Tradition

Sexuality

Community

Culture

food deserts

Geographical areas in which it is difficult to buy and afford fresh foods.

Which of the following are neighborhood characteristics that could negatively affect the health and well-being of a family?

High levels of pollution

Food desert areas

Known bias

social support systems

People and resources available to an individual to support their well-being through psychological and material means.

Social support for a maternal client could include which of the following groups? 

Friends 

Coworkers

Community health workers

Family members 

Which of the following strong social support systems assist a client who is pregnant?

Proper nutrition

Adequate prenatal care

Education for childbirth and parenting

By sitting in a chair, asking permission to initiate a discussion, and making eye contact with the client, which of the following therapeutic communication techniques did Robin practice?

Offering self

cultural competence

Having the ability to deliver care that values the differences in others and includes cultural preferences in the care.

cultural awareness

Having an understanding of one’s own differences when compared to individuals from other cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds.

Which of the following strategies can the nurse use to overcome the theory-practice gap when caring for clients who are LGBTQIA who are experiencing labor and birth?

Reflect on their own biases and knowledge.

Seek to gain cultural competency.

LGBTQIA maternal clients have an increased risk for which of the following conditions during the prenatal period? 

Depression

Primary Prevention

prevent a disease from occurring in an individual who may be susceptible to that condition.

• immunizations and tobacco use prevention programs for teenagers.

Secondary Prevention

places significance on early detection of disease and is focused on individuals who have subclinical disease manifestations.

• Pap smears, colonoscopies, and mammography

Tertiary Prevention 

treating the outcomes of disease and is focused on clients who have a known disease to reduce the severity of disease and its manifestations.

• Chemotherapy, pain management, and cardiac rehabilitation

Quaternary Prevention

a protective method to prevent clients from undergoing medical treatments that may potentially do more harm than good. 

pregnancy-induced hypertension

Elevation of blood pressure during pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation that was not previously present in the client.

Which of the following does the nurse identify as benefits of home care prenatal services?

Improved maternal and newborn outcomes

Improved management of maternal comorbidities

Increased education and resources provided to the client​​​​​​​

Alcohol while pregnant

SAB, IUFD, infant mortality, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, LBW

Cognitive and behavioral challenges, speech and language struggles, executive functioning deficits, psychosocial consequences in adulthood

Tobacco while pregnant

Umbilical cord damage, SAB, ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption

IUGR, LBW, preterm birth, stillbirth, infant mortality

For infants: increased ear infections, SUID, behavioral dysfunction, and cognitive impairment

Cannabis while pregnant

Often part of polysubstance use, linked to anxiety and depression

Preterm labor, PPROM, LBW, SGA

Brain growth abnormalities through adolescence

Other illicit drugs while pregnant

1 in 20 clients use at some point during pregnancy

Accurate statistics are difficult to get

PPROM, abruption (esp cocaine), preterm birth, LBW, SGA

NAS:

Neonatal morbidity and prolonged hospitalization

Occurs with opioids used in treatment programs too (e.g. methadone)

Short-term: high-pitched cry, feeding difficulties, tremors, hypertonia, seizures

Longer-term: impaired growth and development, microcephaly, neurobehavioral problems, SUID