HEALTH-countries

The world bank uses GNI per capita to allocate countries into differnt categoires

1. low-income countires

2. middle-income countires (upper middle-income & lower middle-income countires)

3. High-income countires

what are the amount and examples of the three categories

1. ow-income countries are Afg, uganda and Chad ($1145 or lesss)

2. middle-income countries are Brazil, Mexico and China ($1146-$14005)

3. high-income countries are Aus, USA, NZ Uk ($14006 or mroe)

Economic characteristics

economic characteristics are often related to wealth and standrd of living in a country and this can influence the opportunity and resources available for citizens.

→the economic charateristics are

1. high average income

2. wide range of industries

3. more opportunity for global trade

4. lower levels of poverty

1. High average income

2. wide range of industires

3. more opportunities for global trade

4. lower levels of poverty

1. people in high-income countires aremore likely able to afford educaiton, healthcare and everyday neccessites (clean water,shelter food)

2. peope in high-income countires are more likely to have a more wide range of job choices

3. people in high-income countires are more likely to have more products to trade, meaning more job for citizens and more income which leads to more tax revenue and this can be used for public resoucres such as health care.

4. people in high-income countries are more likely to have access to water, shelter, food, education and healthare.

social chacaracteristics (7)

social characteristics often relte to how people live,interact and are supported within society.

social characteristics are:

1. hihghlevels of education

2. high levels of access to healthcare

3. high levels of gender equality

4. high levels of employment

5. high levels of access to technology

6. low birth rates and population

7. developed social protection system

High levels of education

people in high-income countires are likely to have attented education for a long period of time and have higher educaiton qualificaiton.

→this increaes their knowledge and skills and contribute to their health and wellbeing and hihger levels of human development

high levels of helathcare

people in high income countires are more likely to have acess to wide range of healthcare resources at free or subsidiesd cost.

High levels of gender equality

both males and females in high-income countires are more likely to have equal access to educaiton, employment and poisiton of influence in society.

high levels of employment

people in high-income countries are more likely to be employed in a decent paying jobs. this means they can be able to afford neccesities for health H&W and decent standard of living.

high-levels of access to technology

are more likely to have access to technology that can assist with emplyment, health and everyday living. (internent)

1. developed social protection system

2. low birth rate and population growth

1. people in high-income counties are more likely to have less children and therefore more resources are available to contribute to their upbrining.

2. poeple in high-income countires are more likely to have access to financial resources to sustain a decent standard of living if they are unemployed, elderly or have a disability

Environmental characteristics (5)

environemnetal characteristics often relate to the natural surrounding, climate and resources that shape how people live.

(More adequte housing, more adequate infrastructure, high levels of access to safe water ans sanitation, Greater food security, high levels of carbon dioxide emmisions. )

1. More adequate housing

2. More adequate infrastructure

3. high levels of access to safe water and sanitation

4. greater food security

5. high levels of carbon dioxide emission

1. people in high-income countries are more likely to live in houses that are not crowded, well ventilated nad protect them againt elements.

2. are more likely to have access to trasnsport system and infrastructure tht allows them to easily move around.

3. are more likely to have acess to clean water and hygenic facilities, thus reducing their risk of contracting water-borne communicable diseases.

4. are more likely to have ongoing supply of nutritious food, meaning they can obtain nutrients required for good health to carry out tasks.

5. due to wide range of industries in high-income countriesthey emit higher amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere per person which contribute to climate change.

Human development

human development is creating an evnironment in which people cna develope to their full potential, lead productive creative lives according to their needs and intrests. it is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and participating in the lives of their community and choices that affect their lives.

how does employment promote human development?

access to employment means that people are more likely to earn a decent income so they can afford resources required for a decent standard of living, such as shelter and food, creating an environment that helps them to develop to their full potential.

1. develop to their full potential-

2. lead productive creative lives acording to their needs and intrests-

3. expanding their choices and enhancing their capabilities

4. access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living-

5. participating in the lives of their community, and the deciions afffecting thier lives

1. being free form diseases and disabilities that would be prevent them from adequately growing up and living to their full potential they otherwise would have been able to.

2. being free from diseases and illnesses that would inhibit people from being able to work soicalise with their firends and family and have hobbies

3. though education people learn and can develop their literacy and numerousy skills and enhance the things they are capable of doing and in turn increasing their employment prospect, therfore expanding their choices.

4. access to quality educaiton, an qquitable healthcare and services, food security, shelter, water and hence a good iving.

5. both men and women can have their day in hte community and the ability to make decision themselves.

Human development index

→measuring human development in a country provides insight into the opportunities available in that country for people to develop to their full potential.

human development index is a tool developed by the united nations that measures and compares the levels of social and economic development. it uses single statistics based on three dimension (a long healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living) and four indicators (life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and naitonal gorss income GNI per capita)

advantages an d limitation of huan development index

advantage-it uses single statsitcisto measure human development in a country. it makes compariosn between countries easier as it does not use multiple statistics.

the HDI is also useful as it allows for tracking the progress that is made by countries over time.

it also identifies areas for improvements.

The limitations are -it uses quantitative date and people’s feelings and other issues are not reflected.

it also does not consider other factors that contribute human development such as gender equality adn discrimination in a country.

communicalbe diseases-

non-communicable diseases

communicable diseases AKA infectious diseases can spread fromone person,or animal to another. it is typically caused by microrganism such as bacteria, virus, fungi and parasite. example include, malaria, cholera, HIV/AIDs

-non communicable diseases are sometim4es referred to as lifestyle diseases, are diseases that not spread from one person to another and is often caused by lifestyle, genetics and environmental factors. examples include cancer, type 2 diabetes, asthma and cvd such as stroke.

Double burden of disease

double burden of disease is experienced when low, or sometimes middle-income countries face high levels of both communicable disease and non-communicable disease at the same time.

Safe Water

→conditions associated with unsafe water are cholera,typhoid,diarrhoea,hepatitis

safe water is free from contaminants such as bacteria, virus and chemical such as mercury and lead, making it safe to drink, cook and use for hygiene purposes.

 

Health statu

A lack of access to safe water in low-income countries means that individuals are more likely to consume water contaminated with pathogens, such as bacteria, compared to high-income countries. This contributes to a higher incidence of waterborne diseases caused by bacteria, such as cholera, in low-income countries.

Human development-A lack of access to safe water in low-income countries means that women and girls are more likely to need to travel long distances to collect water compared to high-income countries. This contributes to these women and girls being less able to attend school or work, reducing their ability to enhance their capabilities, such as develop problem solving skills, reducing levels of human development in low-income countries.

sanitat

lack of sanitation causes cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and parasitic conditoins such as hookworm.

sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. it also includes the maintainance of hygienic conditions such as via garbage collection.

health status-

A lack of access to sanitation in middle-income compared to high-income countries means that people are more likely to contract parasites from poor garbage disposal. This may contribute to an increase in the prevalence of parasitic infections such as hookworm in low-income countries

human development-

A lack of access to sanitation in low-income compared to high-income countries means that women may be less likely to attend work if they are menstruating and toilets are not available. This means that they are less likely to be earning an income to afford necessities such as shelter and food, reducing their ability to access a decent standard of living, thereby reducing levels of human development in low-income countries.

poverty

conditions assosiated with poverty are CVD, malnutrition, respiratoy diseas and diarrhoea

poverty refers to deprivation which often stems from a lack of income but can presetn a lack of material resources such as fod, shelter, clean water and healthcare.

→those that live less than 50 % of their country’s average income is called relative poverty.

Extreme pverty is when people live less than $2.15 a day

Discrimination

conditions assosiated with discrimination are intentional self harm, CVD, mental health probelms and injuries

Discrimination refers to unfair or njust treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such as rareligion, sex, sexual orentation and gender identity.

health status (discrimination)

People who are of the Islamic religious group may be more likely to experience discrimination in Australia than other religious groups, such as Catholics. This may contribute to higher levels of discrimination and violence directed towards Muslims, resulting in increased levels of prevalence for injuries for this group.

Human development

First Nations people in Australia may be more likely to experience discrimination when applying for employment compared to non-Indigenous Australians. This can reduce First Nation’s Peoples’ ability to obtain a job and a decent income, thereby reducing their ability to access a decent standard of living and hence reducing levels of human development