EDEXCEL B - Development Dynamics

Give an example of one social, one economic and one political development indicator

Social = Life expectancy
Economic = GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Political = (CPI) Corruptions Perceptions Index

what is GDP and why is it innacurate for showing development

a measure of wealth through mean income, a high GDP could indicate a high earning population but GDP could be skewed by very rich minorities even if the majority of the population earns very little

what is HDI

a composite indicator that measures a country’s average in wealth, standards of living and health

what is life expectancy

the average age to which a person is expected to live

why are composite indicators such as HDI good?

because they cover a wide range of things so it reflects a country's development mroe accurately

Explain the differences between birth and death rates in DEVELOPING, EMERGING & DEVELOPED countries

Developing = High birth rate (no contraception), High death rate (poor healthcare), also women don’t pursue a career as they aren’t educated so they stay at home and have famillies
Emerging = birth rates falling (women more educated/at work) Death rates falling (better healthcare)
Developed = Low birth rate (people more focussed on quality of life, possessions, career) Death rate is very low meaning ageing population

What factors affect how developed a country is?

*Climate (hot, cold, dry) , affects whether a country can grow food or have resources to trade

*Topography (steep land = hard to use) landlocked etc

*Education (more skills = more developed), less educated population means that jobs that require a degree such as doctors have a shortage

*Health (clean water = less disease) and a limited number of doctors leads to subpar healthcare so poorer famillies cannot access healthcare

*Colonialism (materials taken by ruling countries) - countries that were previously a colony are at a disadvantage as their resources were exploited by ruling countries

*Neo-colonialism (TNC's exploiting cheap labour), controlling poorer countries indirectly
* Governance - a corrupt government leads to less development, eg. communist governments can take money, also a government with poor international relations and allies leads to less trade and therefore development

What are the causes of global inequalities?

Education: poorer people cant afford to go to school so are less skilled leading to increased unemployment or large poverty
Health: poorer people at higher risk of disease, therefore lower life expectancy
Politics: Civil war is more likely in poorer countries, corrupt government leads to less development
Environment: Poor air and water quality, less resources for some countries

What is Rostow's Modernisation Theory?

*5 stages; Traditional, preconditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, mass consumption
*Shows how a country changes over time (from primary industry to quarternary)
*People's standards of living improve
* however his shows that we all start at the same level which is false

What is Frank's dependency theory?

*poorer countries stay poor because they are dependent on richer ones
*Richer countries exploit poorer ones through neo-colonialism through TNC's e.g. Apple, Nike etc
*Poor countries given loans to develop but this just puts them in debt to richer countries

Define what is meant by 'Globalisation'

Globalisation is the process of countries becoming more integrated

How are TNC's (transnational corporations) increasing globalisation?

*They make products in one country and sell them in another e.g. Apple
*Link countries together through sale of goods
*They spread culture through foods, fashions etc
*Influence what things people want to buy

How are governments increasing globalisation?

*Free trade - reducing tariffs on goods so its easier and cheaper to buy and sell things
*Investment - invest in education to attract TNC's with more skilled workers
*Privatisation - sell services (e.g. trains) to private companies to run

What are the characteristics top-down development strategies?

*Large, expensive projects (e.g. building a dam)
*Can impact on many people
*Run by TNC's & Governments
*Local people don't have much of a say
*Usually high tech jobs so local people don't have the skills to be involved so jobs aren't provided for local people

What are the characteristics of bottom-up development strategies?

*Small scale, cheap projects (e.g. digging a well for a village)
*Impacts on only a few people
*Often help the poorest people
*Run by charities
*Local people have a big say
*Local people often employed
*Often relies on donations

What are NGO's and IGO's?

*NGO's = Non-governmental Organisations (e.g. Oxfam, WaterAid)
*Projects are often small scale but give people what they most need

IGO's = Inter-governmental Organisations (e.g. World Bank, United Nations)
*Projects are big and provide jobs
*Expensive projects and countries have to pay back the money for them, could lead to debt.

What are the positives and negatives of TNC's? (TransNational Corporations)

*Positives = Provide jobs, more tax for governments, help develop a country with infrastructure e.g. roads, communication etc, better relationships with other countries, more money to invest in environmentally friendly solutions

*Negatives = profits often go back to the developed country as they exploit he low wages in the developing country so the government don't have enough money to put back into the country
can cause environmental problems e.g. toxic waste,
can leave at any time, have too much power over governments

impacts of regional disparities

*low quality of life in periphery
*conflict develops between the rich and poor
*too many people move to the core (rural to urban migration)
*overcrowding and job scarcity develops in the core

* lots of rural to urban migration leads to less people as farmers and young people moving away means that older people cannot retire as they have to continue working

what are primary jobs?

Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmer, fisher, miner

what are secondary jobs?

Jobs that use natural resources and manufacture them into goods eg. construction, factory work

what are tertiary jobs?

Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare jobs, jobs in education

what are quartenary jobs?

research and IT very high skilled