A and P respiratory system

Major function of respiratory system

supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.

Respiratory: pulmonary system

movement of air into and out of lungs (breathing).

Respiratory: External respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

Circulatory system: Transport

movement of O2 and CO2 in the blood

Circulatory system: Internal respiration

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

Upper respiratory organs

Pharynx, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, nose.

Lower respiratory organs

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs, aveoli.

Nose (external nose and nasal cavity)

produces mucus, filters, warms and moistens incoming air, resonance chamber for speech. Receptors for sense of air.

Paranasal sinus

lighten skull, also may warm, moisten, and filter incoming air.

Pharynx

passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus. Passageway for air and food.

Larynx

connects pharynx to trachea. Air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract. Houses true vocal cords (voice production).

Trachea

flexible tubing running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi. Air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air.

Bronchial tree

consist of right and left main bronchi, which subdivide within the lung to form lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles. Air passageway connecting trachea with alveoli.

Alveoli

Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree. Walls of simple squamous epithelium overlie thin basement membrane. Main site for gas exchange, reduces surface tension; helps prevents lung collapse

Lungs

Paired composite organ that flank mediastinum in thorax. composed primarly of alveoli and respiratory passageway. Houses respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi.

Pleura

Serous membrane. parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity. Produces lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

Rhinitis

inflammation of nasal mucosa. can spread to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageway.

Respiratory zones

site of gas exchange. consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Conducting zones

conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites. includes all other respiratory sites

epiglottis

Consists of elastic cartilage. covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

Vocal ligaments

form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Glottis

opening between vocal folds

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

superior to vocal cords. No part in sound production. Help to close glottis during swallowing.

Valsalvas maneuver

forceful attempt of exhalation against closed airway.

Laryngitis

inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations. Most often caused by viral infections but may also be due to overuse of the voice.

voice production

intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis. Pitch is determined by length and tension of vocal cords. Loudness depends upon force of air.

Innermost trachea wall

Mucosa. Ciliated psuedostratified epithelium with globlet cells.

Middle trachea wall

Submucosa. connective tissue with seromucous glands supported by 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea.

Outermost trachea wall

Adventiva. Made of connective tissue

pumlonary arteries

deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated from respiratory zones back to heart

pluera

thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

parietal pluera

membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm around heart, and between lungs

viceral pleura

membrane on external lung surface

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (Male:500mL, Female: 500mL).

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration (Male: 3100, Female: 1900 mL).

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration (Male: 1200mL, Female: 700mL).

Residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration (Male: 1200mL, Female: 1100mL).

Total lung capacity

TV+IRV+ERV+RV (Male: 6000mL, Female: 4200mL).

Vital capacity

TV+IRV+ERV (Male: 4800mL, Female: 3100mL)

inspiratory capacity

TV+IRV (Male: 3600mL, Female: 2400mL)

functional residual capacity

ERV+RV (Male: 2400mL, Female: 1800mL).

Ventilation perfusion coupling

The relationship between airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs

Bohr effect

Increased CO2 or decreased blood pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen more readily to tissues, improving oxygen delivery.

Acclimatization

Respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments are made with long term moves to high altitudes

Hyperventilation

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body’s need to remove CO2. Leads to decreased blood CO2 levels (hypocapnia). Treatment: breathing into bag increases CO2 intake.

Hypovenitlation

Decreased depth and rate of breathing that can lead to lower gas exchange rate and a build up of CO2 and low oxygen levels,