Unit 1 APUSH (copy)

French and Indian War

begins over Ohio River Valley (owned by Brits, wanted by French) touched off by Washington in Virginia; fought in America, West Indies, Philippines, Africa (Brits & Prussia vs. French, Spanish, Austrians, Russians) period of salutary neglect ends, Brits eventually win and push some costs onto colonists

Benjamin Franklin

"join or die" cartoon, wat at Albany Congress, served 2nd CC and helped draft Declaration, excellent military commander, presents Model Treaty to ally with French, went to negotiate Paris treaty, was very old at constitutional convention

Albany Congress

attempted to give united ruling plan to colonies against France during the 7 years' war

William Pitt

British organizer of victory in 7 years' war, attacked Montreal and Quebec

Proclamation of 1763

British prohibit settlement past the Appalachians for colonists to handle the Native American problem (colonists disobey)

Sugar Act

first British tax on colonists, passed by Grenvile

Quartering Act

required colonists to house soldiers in their homes

Mercantilism

Britain's belief that a colony's wealth could be measured by its treasury's gold and silver (more exporting than importing, colonies have raw material and are used as source of exporting, can only buy Brit manufactured goods (Navigation laws) and have currency shortage)

Stamp Act

required and taxed stamps on all legal documents, first DIRECT tax on colonists

Stamp Act Congress

27 delegates gather in NY to voice concerns to British about taxation without representation

Sons & Daughters of Liberty

mobs that enforced nonimportation agreements (Boston merchants refuse to import British goods) forced Stamp Act to die through consistent protest

Thomas Paine

wrote Common Sense, encouraged separation from Britain and the notion that government derived power from citizens, aka called for creation of republic, 120k copies immediately sold

Declaratory Acts

repealed the Stamp Act but reaffirmed British right to total control

Townshend Acts

light import taxes payable in the US, on items not made in US (tea, paint, etc.)

Boston Massacre

60 townspeople throw snowballs at redcoats, they respond by killing 5 and wounding 6

Committees of Correspondence

originally organized by Sam Adams in MA to spread spirit of resistance, adopted around all colonies

Samuel Adams

began COC, in continental congress, helped draft AOC

Boston Tea Party

Dec. 16, 1773, 100 men disguised as Natives dump 300 tea crates into Atlantic

Intolerable Acts

passed in response to BTP, included Boston Port Act that closed harbor until damages were repaid, and Quebec Act that gave French Canadians Catholic territory, and reinforced Quartering Act

Lexington & Concord

"shot heard round the world" first battles of American revolution, British sent to get gunpowder and arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, intercepted by colonists

Olive Branch Petition

passed by second CC, appealed to King George III to back off

Hessians

30k German troops hired by Britain during American Revolution

Patriots

colonists that actively fought against British control

Loyalists

aka Tories, colonists who were loyal to the British cause during the American Revolution

Thomas Jefferson

drafted Declaration at Second Continental Congress, Patriot, believed in Locke (natural rights, citizens can overthrow), Rosseau, Montesqueiu (separation of powers)

Declaration of Independence

"We hold these truths to be self evident..." drafted by Philadelphia Congress, signed July 4, outlines 27 tyrannies

Battle of Saratoga

convinced French to join American cause

Treaty of Paris

Ben Frank, John Adams, John Jay go to Paris to negotiate, find out that French want to appease Spain and weaken them in deal, so he goes behind their backs and straight to British; formally recognized US independence, gives them tons of land including Great Lakes, Ohio, etc.; US has to stop persecuting Loyalists

Constitutional Convention

Philly PA, representatives from all states but RI, debating over reforming AOC or changing government model

Articles of Confederation

first attempt at government, weak federal and strong states, no executive or judicial or bill of rights

Northwest Ordinance

made under AOC, governed the Old Northwest (new land gained through TOP like Ohio, Miss. River, Great Lakes) sold parts of it to pay debt, forbade slavery except for already existing slaves, 60k inhabitants can apply for statehood

Shay's Rebellion

impoverished farmers storm capital of Massachusetts demanding debt relief, made US realize AOC needed reform

Virginia Plan

representation in each house of bicameral legislature based on population (House)

New Jersey Plan

representation based on state in unicameral legislature (Senate)

Great Compromise

combination of NJ and VA plan

3/5 Compromise

slaves count as 3/5 of a person when represented/taxed in Congress

Electoral College

can't be anyone in office, elects president

Anti-federalists

opposed stronger federal government and weaker state governments, opposed Constitution

Federalist Papers

wanted federal and state governments, favored Constitution

Bill of Rights

outlines individual liberties, many only signed constitution because of it

Republican Motherhood

elevated role of women to keepers of conscience in US, because they taught children

Yorktown

Cornwallis is forced to surrender to Washington and de Grasse, end of Rev. War