Urbanization, The Great Migration, And The Growth Of The American City

The 1920s represented the beginning of what?

A new period of urbanization

How many Americans were living in urban areas?

Over half

What does the U.S Census define an urban area as?

Any place with a population over 2,500

What was the population of New York in 1920?

5.6 million

How many times larger was the population of New York from the population of the U.S in 1790?

1.5x larger

What pieces of literature detail the complex and occasionally violent daily lives of African Americans and immigrants in New York?

Claude McKays Home to Harlem, John Dos Passos’s Manhattan Transfer, and Nella Larsen’s passing

When was Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem released?

1928

When was John Dos Passos Manhattan Transfer released?

1925

When was Nella Larsens Passing released?

1929

What does Edith Whartsons The Age of Innocence explore?

The city’s wealthy upper class

When was The Age of Innocence released?

1920

Where did a substantial number of Black Americans move?

From the South to major cities

What major cities did Black Americans move to?

Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and Detroit

Why did Black Americans move out of the South?

To escape the violence and institutionalized discrimination of the Jim Crow Era or in pursuit of work in northern industrial centers

The movement of Black Americans to major Northern cities was referred to as what?

The Great Migration

When was the First Great Migration?

1910-1940

When was the Second Great Migration?

1940-1970

The influx of African Americans to the north brought what?

Culture and art

The 1920’s served as the first major moment in American history for what?

Black artists to help define the national cultural character

One of the most significant and influential periods in American history for African American arts was known as what?

The Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was made possible due to what?

The increasing number of African American artists who were able to find work community, and service in major urban areas in the North

Despite the success of African Americans what was still prevalent in the 1920s?

Discrimination

African Americans experienced what in the North?

Violent racism and social exclusion

What were redlining policies?

Policies that were designed to restrict the growth and infrastructural integrity of Black neighborhoods

What are some of the consequences of discrimination in the 1920s?

Contributions of African Americans are under appreciated and even sometimes erased in retrospective accounts of the period

In addition of the influx of African Americans, American cities also saw the increase in the population of who?

European immigrants

In 1920 what percent of the population was an immigrant or child of an immigrant?

40%

What did immigrants bring to American cities?

Customs and artistic practices

How did these new populations contribute to American society?

They helped shape culture and contributed in innumerable ways to the growth of a uniquely American artistic sensibility

What did immigrants face in America?

Backlash from anti-immigrant racist and nativist organizations sometimes int he form of legislation

What does Gregg Slater say the Roaring Twenties was a time of?

“the … reborn Ku Klux Klan, immigration restriction legislation, and pseudo scientific racism”

Who brought about pseudo scientific racism?

Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard

What often influenced the arts of the period?

Racism and ethnocentrism

How does the discrimination of the 20's manifest itself in The Great Gatsby?

In direct representational choices, and in what sort of characters are marginalized within the story