Pathophys FINAL

Blood tests

are used to determine hormone levels in the blood so as to detect certain endocrine conditions

Computed Tomography

is used to evaluate internal structures for evidence of tumors and other anatomical abnormalities in the endocrine system

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M R I) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (N M R I)

is used to visualize internal soft tissue structures including glands.

Urinalysis

evaluates physical, chemical, and microscopic changes in the urine looking for hormonal metabolites.

Growth disorders

are a problem of G H secretion from the anterior pituitary

Acromegaly

Too much growth hormone from the pituitary

Diabetes insipidus

• a problem of insufficient A D H (antidiuretic hormone)/AVP (arginine vasopressin) secretion from the posterior pituitary

• Disorder that affects the posterior pituitary gland

• The symptoms are excessive thirst and excessive urine production.

Goiters

Goiters can result from hyposecretion or hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Endemic goiter

is the most common due to iodine deficiency

Graves Disease

•  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder

•  It is characterized by hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)

• Can cause what is called a Toxic Goiter

• Is often associated with exophthalmos, also know as proptosis

Hashimoto’s Disease

• Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder

•  It is characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism)

Myxedema

• swelling of the skin caused by a buildup of mucin

• can be caused by hypothyroidism

• can lead to myxedema coma

Diabetes mellitus

• Disorder affecting the pancreas

• is a problem with insulin in blood glucose regulation. It has two forms: type 1 and type 2

• Symptoms for both types are excessive thirst (polydipsia), excessive urine production (polyuria), and glucose in the urine (glucosuria)

• If uncontrolled, both types may lead to life-threatening complications

Insulin

Stimulates cells to take in glucose to lower blood glucose levels; tells liver to store glucose as glycogen

Glucagon

Stimulates glycogen conversion to glucose and then its

secretion to raise blood glucose levels

Simple carbohydrates

increase insulin levels.

Glucometer

measures blood glucose

Cushing’s Syndrome

• affecting the adreanal gland

• is due to hypersecretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (A C T H) from the pituitary gland

• This causes the adrenal gland to produce too much cortisol

• buffalo hump

Addison’s disease

Degeneration of the adrenal cortex, which results in the inability to produce adequate amounts of glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and androgens

Digital rectal exam (DRE)

A procedure in which the doctor inserts fingers into the rectum 

to detect any abnormalities, such as an enlarged prostate

Laboratory tests/ microscopic

examination of samples

Procedures that involve collecting urine or specimen samples 

from the urinary tract to determine the presence of viruses or bacteria that may cause infection

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

A test that measures the presence of prostate-specific antigens 

in the blood. Increased levels may indicate prostate cancer

Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy of the prostate

A procedure in which ultrasound technology is used to assess 

the prostate for evidence of cancer. If a mass is detected, a sample is collected & examined by a laboratory for the presence of cancerous cells.

Ultrasound

An imaging technique in which sound waves create visual images 

of internal structures. In the male reproductive system, ultrasound may be used to determine the cause of a hydrocele, examine a 

mass in the testis, and diagnose epididymitis & cryptorchidism.

Prostate cancer

• Nine percent of men over the age of 50 will develop prostate cancer

• Prostate cancer can be detected by a digital rectal exam and a blood test that measures prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Testicular cancer

• Testicular cancer is most common in males between the ages of 15 and 34.

•  Routine testicular self-exams are recommended for early detection

Hypospadias

is a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the ventral side or base of the penis instead of on the tip of the glans

Hydrocele

is a condition in which fluid has accumulated and causes swelling in the scrotum.

Epididymitis

is inflammation of the epididymis, usually caused by a bacterial infection

Phimosis

is a condition of the penis characterized by tight foreskin that cannot be pulled back over the glans penis

Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Also known as sexually transmitted diseases (S TDs): infections that are passed through sexual contact

• Most common are herpes, H I V, human papillomavirus (HP V), gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis

Gonorrhea

• Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Causes burning during urination and a discharge

Chlamydia

• Bacterial, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

• Symptoms are burning during urination and discharge

Syphilis

• Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

• Sores on the genitals, anus, rectum, or mouth

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• Untreated STIs can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• Can cause damage to the reproductive tract, resulting in infertility, ectopic pregnancies, abscess formation, and chronic pain in the lower abdomen

Herpes

A viral infection that causes sores on the genitals, anus, or mouth

HIV

The virus that causes AIDS

HPV

A viral infection resulting in the growth of warts on the genitals. The infection is caused by the human papillomavirus.

Genital Warts

Pap smear

examines cells from the cervix

pregnancy test

detects human chorionic gonadotrophin   (HCG) hormone during pregnancy

ultrasound

is an imaging technique in which sound waves are used to visualize internal female reproductive structures

Ovarian Cancer

• Cancer of the ovaries

• Often lacks symptoms

• Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation

Cervical Cancer

• Cervical cancer is often caused by human papillomavirus (H P V) infection

• Usually detected with a Pap smear.

• Treatment options include the removal of the uterus (Hysterectomy)

Fibroids

• Noncancerous growths composed of muscular and fibrous tissue.

• Found in the uterus, endometrium, or on the outside of the uterus.

• Usually left alone if it is not causing problems

• Usually removed if it is causing pain or bleeding; or if it grows too large; can cause infertility

Endometriosis

• Endometriosis is the growth of endometrium in places other than the uterus

• The endometrium goes through the menstrual cycle no matter where it is located.

• Endometriosis can lead to infertility and painful periods (dysmenorrhea).

Disorders of Pregnancy

• Fifty percent of zygotes do not survive. Most are lost before they implant

• Of the zygotes that do implant, 10 to 15% end in spontaneous abortion due to fetal abnormalities, improper implantation, premature detachment of the placenta, and other causes

 Ectopic pregnancy

occurs if the fertilized egg implants anywhere other than in the uterus.

Preeclampsia

is pregnancy-induced hypertension accompanied by protein in the urine.

 Placental abruption

placenta becomes prematurely detached from the uterine wall

Placenta previa

the placenta is positioned over the cervix, blocking the opening to the uterus.

Breast cancer

Abnormal growth of breast tissue, usually occurring in the lactiferous ducts and lobules of the breast

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

The loss of a zygote before delivery, either before or after implantation. Reasons include fetal abnormalities, improper implantation, or placental abruption.