Psychology final

What does Personality mean?

The characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.

Personality originates from___

within the individual.

Characteristics of Personality

• Organized and consistent.

• Generally stable but can be influenced by the environment.

• Causes behaviors to happen.

What is Id?

Unconscious psychic and instinct aim at satisfying basic urges.

What is Ego?

Works to achieve a balance between Id and superego.

What is Super ego?

Internalized ideals working to promote values learned in society. Fosters morality in ego.

What are the Major Theories of Personality?

• Biological: Nature/Nurture.

• Behavioral: Conditioning/Interaction with environment.

• Psychodynamic: Id (needs), ego (moderates needs vs ideals), and super ego (ideals).

• Humanist: Free will and individual experience (self-actualization/intrinsic motivation).

• Traits: Blueprints/Stable characteristics (Ex: empathy, sociability, aggression, etc).

Biological theory of Personality

Nature/Nurture

Behavioral theory of Personality

Conditioning/Interaction with environment

Psychodynamic theory of Personality

Id, Ego, Super ego

Humanist theory of Personality

Free will and individual experience.

Traits theory of Personality

Blueprints/stable characteristics.

Big 5 dimensions of Personality

• Openness.

• Conscientiousness.

• Extraversion.

• Agreeableness.

• Neuroticism.

Methods for researching personality

• Experimental methods

• Case studies and self-report methods

• Clinical studies

The study of emotional psychology allows researchers to___

dive into what makes humans react as they do to certain stimuli and how those reactions affect us both physically and mentally.

Are emotions the same as feelings and moods?

No.

Define Emotion

A complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements.

What’s the difference between moods and emotions?

Moods lack stimuli and have no clear starting point.

___are how individuals deal with matters or situations they find personally significant.

3 Components of Emotional experiences

• A subjective experience.

• A physiological response.

• A behavioral or expressive response.

Feelings arise from___

an emotional experience.

Feelings are classified in the same category as___

hunger or pain

What results in feelings and what influences them?

• Result of an emotion.

• Influenced by memories, beliefs, etc.

Which component of emotional experiences is also referred to as stimulus?

Subjective experiences.

All emotions begin with___

a subjective experience.

What causes Physiological response in the emotional process?

Autonomic nervous system’s reaction to the emotion we’re experiencing.

What controls our involuntary bodily responses and regulates our fight-or-flight response?

The autonomic nervous system.

Which aspect of the emotional response is the actual expression of the emotion?

Behavioral response.

What are the basic emotions?

1. Joy

2. Sadness

3. Anger

4. Fear

5. Trust

6. Disgust

7. Surprise

8. Anticipation

The origin of the word “Psychology”

Greek word for psyche (soul or mind) and logos (word)

What was the definition of Psychology until the early 1900s?

The study of the soul or mind.

Psychology was defined as the study of the soul or mind until___

early 1900s.

Why was the definition of Psychology in the early 1900s critiqued?

• Psychological research deals with what is observed, and mind is not observable.

• Talking about mind may also suggest that one is talking about an object whereas mind is not. It is a mental activity process.

What was the definition of Psychology in the 1920s?

The study of behavior.

Psychology was defined as the study of behavior in___

the 1920s

What is the current definition of Psychology?

The systematic study of behavior and experience.

Psychology involves the study of___

• Sensation

• Perception

• Learning and memory

• Thirst

• Hunger

• Sleep

• Attention

• Child development

• Deviancy and conformity

Qualitative methods to perform studies with a small sample size

• Phenomenology

• Ethnography

• Longitudinal approach

Factors that everything psychological is dependent on

• Age

• Genetics

• Health conditions

• Awake or asleep

• Past experiences

• Environment and time of day

• Gender

• Culture

• Context

What are the 3 main philosophical issues?

• Freewill and determinism - things happen for a reason.

• The mind-brain problem - how is experience related to the brain (consciousness different to mind?).

• Nature-nurture debate - are we who we are by nature or by the process of nurturing?A

What is a drug that increases activity at a synapse called?

An agonist.

What is a drug that decreases activity at a synapse called?

Antagonist

What is an Agonist?

A drug that increases activity at a synapse.

What is an Antagonist?

A drug that decreases activity at a synapse.

Types of drugs

1. Stimulants

2. Hallucinogens

3. Alcohol

4. Anxiolytics (tranquilizers)

5. Opiates

6. Marijuana (Cannabis)

Examples of Stimulants

• Amphetamines

• Cocaine

Amphetamines and cocaine are both which type of drugs?

Stimulants

What do stimulants do (ex: amphetamines, cocaine)?

Increase activity levels and pleasure by increasing the release, and decreasing reuptake, of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

Which type of drugs increase activity levels and pleasure by increasing the release, and decreasing reuptake, of dopamine and other neurotransmitters?

Stimulants

How do stimulants increase activity levels and pleasure?

By increasing the release and decreasing the reuptake of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

Examples of Hallucinogens

• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

• MDMA (at high doses)

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is which type of drugs?

Hallucinogens.

What do Hallucinogens do?

Induce sensory distortions.

Which type of drugs induce sensory distortions?

Hallucinogens

MDMA produces___at low doses and___at higher doses

• stimulant effects

• hallucinogenic effects

MDMA produces stimulant effect at___and hallucinogenic effects at___

• low doses

• high doses

What is the most widely abused drug in our society?

Alcohol.

What does Alcohol do?

• Relaxes people and relieves their inhibitions

• Impair judgement.

Which type of drugs relaxes people and relieves their inhibitions?

Alcohol

What are Anxiolytics (tranquilizers) used for?

• relieving anxiety

• relax muscles

• promote sleep

Anxiolytics and alcohol act by___

facilitating inhibitory synapses.

How do Opiates work?

They bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system for pleasure and relief from pain.

What are the effects of Opiates?

Immediate pleasure and relief

Which types of drugs bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system for pleasure and relief from pain?

Opiates

What are Narcotics?

Drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.

Which type of drugs produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness?

Narcotics

What does Marijuana (Cannabis)’s active compound, THC, act on?

abundant receptors

How does Marijuana work?

• Marijuana’s active compound, THC, acts on abundant receptors.

• Marijuana acts on receptors on the presynaptic neuron, putting the brakes on release of both excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.

What does Marijuana do?

Softens pain but not as powerfully as opiates.

Which type of drugs acts on receptors on the presynaptic neuron, putting the brakes on release of both excitatory and inhibitory transmitters?

Marijuana (Cannabis)

What is Marijuana’s active compound?

THC

Which drug softens pain but not as powerfully as opiates?

Marijuana

The study of emotional psychology allows researchers to___

dive into what makes humans react as they do to certain stimuli and how those reactions affect us both physically and mentally

What does Motivation mean?

The process of stimulating people’s actions for the purpose of accomplishing the set goals.

What is the crucial element in setting and attaining our objectives?

Motivation

Motivation is derived from the word “motive” which means___

Needs, purposes, intentions, desires, wants, or drives within the individuals.

What can an absence of motivation lead to?

Depression

Motivation encompasses the desire to___

continue striving toward meaning, purpose, and a life worth living.

What are the parts of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?

• Self-actualization

• Esteem

• Love and belonging

• Safety

• Physiological needs

Benefits of motivation

• Enhanced employee efficiency

• Better utilization of resources

• Continuous development of employees

• Reduction in employee turnover

• Creation of a positive work culture

• Improved employee attitude & behavior

Strategies for motivation

• Flexibility: work/life

• Pay and benefits

• Job security

• Work itself

• Career advancement

• Working condition

Method for staying motivated and setting goal

• S - Specific

• M -Measurable

• A - Actionable

• R - Realistic

• T - Timebound

What is the SMART strategy?

• S - Specific

• M -Measurable

• A - Actionable

• R - Realistic

• T - Timebound

What are the differences between Discovery Statements and Intention Statements?

Discovery statements:

• Describe specific thoughts

• Describe specific feelings

• Describe current and past behaviors

Intention statements:

• Describe future behaviors

• Can include timelines

• Can include rewards

What are the similarities between Discovery statements and Intention statements?

• Both are a type of journal entry.

• Are based on telling the truth.

• Can be written at any time on any topic.

• Can lead to action.

What are the 2 types of journal entry systems?

• Discovery statements

• Intention statements

What is the purpose of writing down discovery and intention statements?

To become a self-actualized learner who is developing self-awareness, self-direction, and other master student qualities.

Discovery statements assess___

where you are right now.

Discovery statements record___

specific thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards learning.

Discovery statements acknowledge discomfort as___

a signal for learning.

Characteristics of Discovery statements

• They record specific thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward learning.

• They acknowledge discomfort as a signal for learning.

• They do not judge you when things do not go well.

• They tell the truth about what is really happening.

Characteristics of Intention statements

• They state what you want in positive terms.

• They describe your actions in terms that are observable and measurable.

• They focus on small achievable actions.

• They are time specific and often end with a reward.

Intention statements alter___

the direction of your learning.

Intention statements state what you want in___

positive terms

Intention statements describe your actions in terms that are___

observable and measurable.

Intention statements focus on___

small achievable actions.

Intention statements often end with a___

reward

Who wrote “mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed”?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Who proposed moral reasoning is a process that matures through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

According to Kohlberg, to evaluate people’s moral reasoning, we should ask about___

the reasons for their decisions, not just about the decisions themselves.