Anatomy practical 2.9

Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Which reproductive system is more complex?

the female reproductive system

what are the 2 roles of the female reproductive system

prepare gametes; nurture developing fetus

female gonads are called

ovaries

the primary reproductive organ to serve and produce gametes and sex hormones

the ovaries

female sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

female sex hormones have what kind of structure

steriod structure

estradiol, estrone, estriol, and estetrol are all examples of

estrogen

which of the estrogen hormones are only produced during pregnancy?

estetrol

the ovarian ligament does what

it secures the ovary medially to the uterus

the suspensory ligament does what

anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

the mesovarium does what

suspends the ovary between the pelvic wall and uterus

uterine tubes are also known by what two names

fallopian tubes or oviducts

where does fertilization occer

fallopian tubes

distal end of the fallopian tube ends in the

infundibulum

finger like projections in the infundibulum are called

fimbriae

in relation to the anus, where does the uterus sit

anteriorly

in relation to the bladder, where does the uterus sit

post-superiorly

the outermost (serous) layer of the uterus is called

perimetrium

the bulky middle layer of the uterus is called

myometrium

the innermost layer of the uterus is called

endometrium

what type of muscle makes up the myometrium (middle layer)?

smooth muscle. it contracts babyv out during childbirth

in which of the 3 layers of the uterus does the embryo attach to during fertilization

attaches to the endometrium

what are the two layers of the endometrium called

functional layer; basal layer

which layer of the endometrium responds to changes in hormones

the functional layer

which of the two endometrium layers is shed during Menstruation

the functional layerM

what is responsible for making a new functional layer post-menstruation

the basal layer

the cervix is located where

inferior to the uterus

the cervix is composed of what type of tissue

fibrous tissue (collagen + elastin fibers)

opening into the uterus

internal os

opening into the vagina

external os

what connects the uterine cavity to the lumen of the vagina

cervical canal

endocervical canal has what kind of cells

ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells

ectocervix is has what kind of cells

it’s lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells

where the two types of epithelia meet (ecto- and endo- cervix) is called

squamocolumnar junction

HPV can cause changes to the epithelium and cause 

cancer

the vagina lies between which two structures

bladder and rectum

the _____ extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body

vagina

the vaginal wall consists of 3 layers called the

fibroelastic adventitia (outer), smooth muscle (muscularis), and the inner mucosa (stratified squamous)

inner transverse ridges of what membrane stimulate the peenaur during coitus

the mucosa

epithelial cells of the vagina release large amounts of _____

glycogen

vaginal bacteria convert glycogen to _____ by metabolizing anaerobically

lactic acid

the pH of the adult female vagina is generally considered to be quite ______ (acidic/basic) which keeps it healthy and free from bacteria

acidic

the vagina of an adolescent female tends to be more _____ which predisposes them to STD’s

alkaline

external genitalia of the female include the

vulva/pudenum, mons pubis, labia, and clitoris

the ______ is the fatty area that overlies the pubic symphysis and is covered in pubic hair after puberty

mons pubis

labia majora is comparable to which male structure

scrotum

the labia majora encloses which structure

labia minora

the ventral penis is homologous to which female structure

labia minora

Bartholin’s glands are located

flanking vaginal opening

Bartholin’s glands are comparable to which male structure

bulbourethral glands

what do Bartholin’s glands do

secrete mucus into the vaginal opening to keep it moist and lubricated to facilitate intercourse

anterior to the vaginal opening is the _______

CLITORIS (don’t forget me)

The clitoris is made of ______ tissue

erectile

the clitoris is comparable to which male structure

the peenaur