Basic Structures Part 1

What are the basic structures of the human body?

Skin, Fascia, Muscles, Bones, Vessels, Nerve, Lymphatics

What are the three layers of tissue that make up the skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis (or subcutaneous fat layer)

Which layer of the skin is the top layer?

Epidermis

Which layer of the skin is the middle layer?

Dermis

Which layer of the skin is the bottom or fatty layer?

Hypodermis

What is another name for the hypodermis?

subcutaneous fat layer

Into how many layers or strata is the epidermis divided?

5 layers

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, and Stratum basale

What is the stratum basale also called?

stratum germinativum

Where are blood capillaries found?

beneath the epidermis

What are blood capillaries linked to?

an arteriole and a venule

What may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips?

Arterial shunt vessels

What conditions manifest in the skin including erythema multiforme and the syndromes of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Stevens-Johnson, and toxic epidermal necrolysis?

Drug Reactions

What medications are drug reactions often associated with?

sulfa-containing drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiepileptics

What contains much of our normal flora with the microbiome varying by body region?

The epidermis

What are the microorganisms inhabiting our skin surfaces categorized as?

nonpathogenic and can be commensal or mutualistic

What bacteria tend to predominate on the skin surfaces?

Staphylococcus epidermidis and S aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Candida, and Clostridium perfringens

When may infections occur on the skin?

when the protective skin barrier is altered or breached

What are the different types of skin cancer?

Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, Melanoma, and Merkel Cell

What is a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place?

Fascia

What does fascia have that makes it almost as sensitive as skin?

nerves

What is fascia mostly made of?

collagen

What type of protein provides strength and flexibility to fascia?

collagen

What is the liquid between each layer of fascia that helps it stretch as you move?

hyaluronan

What are the 4 main layers of fascia?

superficial, deep, visceral, and parietal

Which layer of fascia is right under your skin?

Superficial fascia

Where is the superficial fascia thicker?

in the main part of your body

Where does superficial fascia get thinner?

in places further away from your center - like your hands and feet

What can superficial fascia include that makes up many different structures in your body?

muscle fibers

Which layer of fascia covers bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels?

Deep fascia

What are the 2 subtypes of deep fascia?

Aponeurotic fascia and Epimysial fascia

Which subtype of deep fascia is thicker and separates more easily from muscles?

Aponeurotic fascia

Which subtype of deep fascia is thinner and more tightly connected to muscles?

Epimysial fascia

Which layer of fascia goes around certain organs that settle into your body's open spaces, including the lungs, heart, and stomach?

Visceral fascia

Which layer of fascia lines a body cavity?

Parietal fascia

What lines the pelvis?

parietal fascia

What is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia?

superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue

Where does the superficial fascia contain numerous bundles of collagen fibers that hold the skin firmly to the deeper structures?

In the scalp, the back of the neck, the palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet

Where is the superficial fascia devoid of adipose tissue?

In the eyelids, auricle of the ear, penis and scrotum, and clitoris

What is a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structures?

deep fascia

Where does the deep fascia form well-defined layers that may play an important role in determining the path taken by pathogenic organisms during the spread of infection?

In the neck

Where is the deep fascia merely a thin film of areolar tissue covering the muscles and aponeuroses?

In the thorax and abdomen

Where does the deep fascia form a definite sheath around the muscles and other structures, holding them in place?

In the limbs

What extends from the deep surface of the membrane, between the groups of muscles, and in many places divide the interior of the limbs into compartments?

Fibrous septa

What are restraining bands considerably thickened to form in the region of joints called?

retinacula

What is the function of retinacula?

to hold underlying tendons in position or to serve as pulleys around which the tendons may move

What suspends the internal organs and holds them in place during movement within the abdominal cavity?

visceral fascia

What encases and connects musculoskeletal structures to control movement, mediate internal and external forces, and provide structural integrity?

investing (deep) fascia

What is another name for Denonvilliers' fascia?

Rectogenital fascia

What is another name for Rectal proper fascia?

Fascia propria or Visceral (endo) pelvic fascia

What is another name for Presacral fascia?

Parietal (endo) pelvic fascia

What is another name for Waldeyer's fascia?

Rectosacral fascia

What condition is where the tissues within a fascial layer experience higher than normal pressures leading to pain, pallor, loss of pulses, and eventual paresthesias?

Compartment syndrome

What compartment pressure is pathognomonic for compartment syndrome?

thirty mmHg or greater

What is a procedure where the compressing fascia is cut to relieve compartment pressure and allow the muscle to swell, decrease pressure, and restore blood flow and nerve function?

fasciotomy

What is a common health concern in the general population resulting in inferior heel pain?

Plantar fasciopathy, or plantar fasciitis

What are non-invasive therapies for plantar fasciopathy?

physical therapy, orthosis, NSAIDs, radiation therapy, or shockwave therapy

What are invasive treatments for plantar fasciopathy?

local corticosteroid injections, botulinum injection, platelet-rich plasma injection, and surgery

What is a rare and sometimes fatal soft-tissue infection that is a medical and surgical emergency?

Necrotizing fasciitis

What is the standard mandatory procedure for necrotizing fasciitis?

Emergency radical debridement of the necrotic tissues

What are pieces of soft tissue throughout your body?

Muscles

What are the 2 types of movements performed by muscles?

Voluntary movements and Involuntary movements

What are actions we control where we choose to perform an action and the muscles move the body to make it happen?

Voluntary movements

What controls voluntary movements?

Nervous system

What movements happen automatically without us thinking about them?

Involuntary movements

What do muscles store and release as part of your metabolism?

energy your body uses

What are muscles made of?

thousands of small fibers woven together

How many muscles are located almost everywhere throughout your body?

more than 600 muscles

What percentage of an average adult's body weight do muscles make up?

about 40%

What are the types of muscles?

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

What is the weak link in muscle and often site of tears?

Myotendinous junction

What maximized surface area for attachment?

involution of muscles cells

What surrounds muscle bundles?

Epimysium

What surrounds muscle fascicles?

Perimysium

What surrounds individual fibers?

Endomysium

What active organ is built from muscle fibers, connective tissue layers, a rich blood supply, and direct nerve connections?

Skeletal muscle

What tough outer layer of connective tissue wraps the entire muscle and connects with the deep fascia?

Epimysium

What middle layer groups muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles?

Perimysium

What fine inner layer of tissue surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

Endomysium

What large blood vessels travel alongside nerves and enter near the middle of the muscle?

Arteries and Veins

What tiny blood vessels branch deep into the endomysium to supply every single muscle cell with oxygen and food while removing waste?

Capillaries

What nerve cells send signals from the brain and spinal cord to tell the muscle when to move?

Motor Neurons

What is the exact spot where a nerve fiber reaches a muscle cell to pass the signal along and trigger a contraction?

Neuromuscular Junction

What factors are names of skeletal muscles based on?

location, origin and insertion, number of origins, shape, size, direction, and function

What muscles in the abdominal region are named based on location running straight up and down?

rectus abdominis

What muscles in the abdominal region are named based on location running transversely?

transverse abdominis

What hybrid muscle is named after a region and a bone?

brachioradialis

What is the connection to a stationary bone called?

origin

What is the connection to a moving bone called?

insertion

What muscle connects the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull?

sternocleidomastoid

What muscle connects the occipital bone to the frontal bone?

occipitofrontalis

Which muscle has 2 origins?

biceps

Which muscle has 3 origins?

triceps muscle

Which muscle has 4 origins?

quadriceps muscle

What shape is the deltoid muscle?

delta or triangular shape

What shape is the serratus muscle?

serrated or saw-like shape

What shape is the rhomboid major?

rhombus or diamond shape

What is the large muscle in the gluteal region?

gluteus maximus

What is the medium muscle in the gluteal region?

gluteus medius

What is the smallest muscle in the gluteal region?

gluteus minimus