impact of changing fertility rates

reduction in workforce

less people being born, gaps are starting to show in labour force

depending ratio

• in labour force:not in labour force

• fewer children born means ratio is unbalanced

immigration

more important with decreasing birth rates as this fills gap in the labour market

growth of beanpole family

more dominate family as generations live longer

voluntary childlessness

• 2000 - 1 in 5 women aged 40 dont have kids compared to 1 in 10 in 1980

  - availability of contraception

• push - seeing parenthood challenges

• pull - greater freedom and better realtionships

decrease in full time mothers

less women choosing to be full time mothers

more affordable childcare

trends - birth rate decreasing

• contraception

• changing roles of women

• decreasing infant mortality

• economic factors

trends - total fertility rate decreasing

• contraception

• leaving pregnancy to later in life

• changing attitudes to child-bearing

trends - death rate decreasing

• improved nutrition and medical care

• public health measures

• lifestyle changes

trends - infant mortality rate decreasing

• improved housing and sanitation

• improved pre and post natal understanding

• improve health of mother and hygine