Anatomy exam 1 JMU

cranial/superior

toward the head

caudal/inferior

toward the feet/tail

ventral/anterior

toward the front

dorsal/posterior

toward the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

toward the side, away from midline

proximal

closer to the trunk of the body (applies to limbs)

distal

further away from the trunk (applies to limbs)

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

closer to the center of the body

sagittal

divides left and right

transverse

superior and inferior

frontal

divides into ventral and dorsal

axial skeleton

vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull

vertebral body

vertebral arch

pedicles

laminae

vertebral foramen

superior articular process

inferior articular process

transverse process

costal facet

spinous process

intervertebral foramen

superior vertebral notch

inferior vertebral notch

atlas

no vertebral body

axis

has dens

thoracic vertebrae

12

superior costal facets(t2-t9) and inferior costal facets (t1-t8)

costal facets (t1,t10-12)

transverse costal facets(t1-t10)

lumbar vetebrae

5

sacral vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae

coccygeal

3-5 tiny caudal vertebrae

kyphosis

thoracic curvature

lordosis

lumbar and cervical curvature

intervertebral disks

joints b/w vertebral bodies and act as shock absorbers for the vertebral column

nucleus pulposus

center part of vertebral disk

annulus fibrosus

outer rings of vertebral disk

anterior longitudinal ligament

attaches to the anterior vertebral body another anterior vertebral body

posterior longitudinal ligament

attaches to the posterior vertebral body another posterior vertebral body

ligamentum flavum

attaches from lamina to lamina

intertransverse ligament

attaches from transverse process to transverse process

interspinous ligament

attaches from spinous process to spinous process

supraspinous ligament

attaches from posterior spinous process to another posterior spinous process

nuchal ligament

attaches from the skull to cervical spinous processes

true ribs

first 7 pairs of thoracic ribs that connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilages

false ribs

ribs 8 to 10 attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilages of the more superior ribs

floating ribs

ribs 11 and 12, dont attach to the sternum or to the cartilages of other ribs

appendicular skeleton

limbs

acetabulum

joint surface for femur located at fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis

obturator foramen

located between ischium and pubis

sacroiliac attaches

sacrum <-> ilium

sacrotuberous attaches

sacrum <-> ischial tuberosity

forms lesser sciatic foramen by closing of the open border of the lesser sciatic notch

sacrospinous attaches

sacrum <-> ischial spine

form the greater sciatic foramen by closing off the open boarder of the greater sciatic notch

inguinal ligament attaches

anterior superior iliac spine <-> pubic tubercle

inferior tendinous boarder of an abdominal body wall muscle

extension

epaxial muscles on both sides of the vertebral column contracting pulling the trunk, neck, and head into an upright position

lateral flexion

epaxial muscles on one side of the vertebral column contract and the trunk, neck, and head are moved laterally to that same side

splenius origin

cervical and thoracic spinous processes and nuchal ligament

splenius insertion

cervical transverse processes, occipital bone, mastiod process

splenius action

bilateral: extend head and neck

unilateral: laterally flex and rotate head and neck

splenius innervation

cervical dorsal rami

iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis origin

posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, and spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae

iliocostalis insertion

cervical transverse processes and angles of the ribs

iliocostalis and spinalis action

bilateral: extend vertebral column

unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column

iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis innervation

dorsal rami (all levels)

longissimus insertion

cevical and thoracic transverse processes and mastoid process

longissimus action

bilateral: extend vertebral column and head

unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column and head

spinalis insertion

cervical and thoracic spinous processes

semispinalis origin

transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra

semispinalis insertion

spinous processes 6-7 segments superior to origin and occipital bone

semispinalis action

bilateral: extend vertebral column and head

unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column and head

semispinalis inervation

cervical and thoracic dorsal rami

multifidus origin

tansverse processes of all vertebrae

mutifidus insertion

spinous processes 2-4 segments superior to origin

multifidus action

bilateral: extend vertebral column

unilateral: laterally flex and rotate vertebral column

multifidus innervation

dorsal rami (all levels)

external intercostal origin and insertion

lower margin of the superior rib to upper margin of the inferior rib (obliquely downward from vertebra towards sternum)

external intercostal action

elevates ribs during inspiration; stabilizes thoracic wall

external, internal, innermost intercostal and tranversis thoracis innervation

intercostal nn. (thoracic ventral rami)

internal intercostal and innermost intercostal origin

lower margin of superior rib to upper margin of inferior rib (obliquely downward from sternum towards vertebra)

internal and innermost innercostal action

depresses ribs during expiration; stabilizes thoracic wall

tranversus thoracis origin

body and xiphoid process of sternum (internal surface)

transversus thoracis insertion

costal cartilages 2-6 (internal surface)

transversus thoracis action

depresses ribs during expiration

rectus sheath

linea alba

white line down center of abdomen

external oblique origin

outer surfaces of lower ribs

external oblique insertion

linea alba, pubic tubercle, iliac crest

external and internal oblique action

unilateral: laterally flexes and rotates trunk

bilateral: flexes trunk and compresses abdomen

external oblique innervation

inferior thoracic ventral rami

internal oblique origin

thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament

internal oblique insertion

lower ribs and linea alba

internal oblique and transversus abdominis innervation

inferior thoracic and L1 ventral rami

transversus abdominis origin

costal cartilages of lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament

transversus abdominis insertion

linea alba and pubic bone

transversus abdominis action

unilateral: rotate trunk to same side

bilateral: compress abdomen and support viscera

rectus abdominis origin

pubic tubercle

rectus abdominis insertion

lower costal cartilages and xiphoid process

rectus abdominis action

flex trunk and compresses abdomen

rectus abdominis innervation

inferior thoracic ventral rami