REVIEW OF Micronutrients

Which gets stored fat solubles or water solubles

fat solubles

Which gets peed out water or fat soluble

water soluble

What are examples of macrominerals

• Calcium

• Phosphourus

• sodium

• chloride

• magnesium

• potassium

• sulfur

What are examples of micro minerals?

• zinc

• copper

• selenium

• iodine

• iron

• manganese

• molybdenum

• cobalt

What are examples of fat-solubles vitamins

• vitamin D

• vitamin E

• vitamin A

• vitamin K

What are examples of Water soluble vitamins

• Cobalamin B/12

• Folate B/9

• Niacin/B3

• Pyridoxine/B6

• Riboflavin/B2

• Thiamine B/1

What does Ash mean ?

the mineral content and when you burn its literally ash

There are two formats of minerals what are they

• organic

• inorganic

What is an example of inorganic mineral

zinc sulfate

What is an example of organic minerals

zinc methionine

Excess amount of which macromineral is a risk factor for nutritional hyperarthyroidism

phosphours

What are the functions of CALCIUM

• develop and maintenace of bones/teeth

• blood clotting

• muscle contraction

• cell sighaling

• acid/base (cation)

What are the sources of CALCIUM

• bone

• dairy

• Dicalcium phosphate

• Calcium carbonate

  • Calcium citrate

  • Greens (also oxalates, phytates)

  • Legumes (e.g. alfalfa)

What are the deficiency of CALCIUM

• decreased bone density

• milk fever

• eclampsia

What are the toxcity of CALCIUM

• musculoskeltal disorders

• calcium oxalate urolithiasis

• kidney disorders

What is the function of PHOSPHPORUS

• develop and maintance of bones/teeth

• energy (ATP)

• component of phospholipds

• acid/base

What are the sources of PHOSPHORUS

• phospholipids

• meat

• grains/brans

• dicalcium phosphate

What are the deficiency of PHOSPHORUS

• decreased appetite

• skeletal disorders

• lethargy

What are the toxicity of PHOSPHORUS

• bone loss

• nutritional hyperparathyroidism/nutruinal secondary hyperparathyriodism

• maybe chronic kidney disease

What is the function of POTASSIUM

• cellular action potential

• muscle function

• nerve impulse

• acid base

• osmotic balance

What are the sources of POTASSIUM

• forage, fruit, vegetabls

• potassium chlroide

• potassium citrate

• postasium gluconate

What is the deficiency of POTASSIUM

• hypokalemia can occur secondary to diuretics and CKD

• decreased appetite and growth

• cardiac arrhythmias

  • cats - head and neck ventroflexion

What is the toxicity of POTASSIUM

• hyperkalemia can occur secondary to CKD

• decreased heart rate, arrhythmias

• reduce magnesium absorption

What is the function for IODINE

• component of thyroid hormones

What are the sources of IODINE

• seaweed

• iodized salt

• potassium iodine

What is the deficiency of IODINE

• thyroid disorders (goiter)

• poor skin and haircoat

What is the toxicity of IODINE

• decreased appetite, weight loss

• goiter

What is the function of COPPER

• enzyme cofactor

• hemoglobin synthesis

• skin and coat

• bone development

What are the sources of COPPER

• organ meat

• copper sulfate

• copper carbonate

• copper oxide

What is the deficiency of COPPER

• anemia

• poor skin and hair coat

• aortic rupture

What is the toxicity of COPPER

• copper hepatopathy

• kidney disease

What is the function of ZINC

• enzyme cofactor

• immune response

• skin and coat

• bone development

What are the sources of ZINC

• organ meat

• zinc methionine

• zinc sulfate

• zinc oxide

What is the deficiency of ZINC

• poor skin and haircoat

• decreased appetite, weight loss

• decreased reproduction

• diarrhea

What is the TOXICITY of ZINC

• vomiting

• copper deficiency

• hemolytic anemia

What is the funciton of VITAMIN A

• vision

• immunity

• antioxidant

• cellular differentiation

What are the sources of VITAMIN A

• plants

• liver

• animal based oils

What are the deficiencies of VITAMIN A

• poor appetitie weight loss

• decreased vision or blindess

• poor skin and haircoat

• decreased reproduction

What is the toxicity of vitamin A

• cervical/thoracic exostosis

• birth defects

• hypercalcemia

Which animals can convert carotenoids from plants to active vitamin A

• dogs

Which animals cannot convert carotenois

• cats

• thus need to obtain vitamin A from animal products

What are the functions of vitamin D

• calcium and phosphorus metabolism

• cell signaling

• other metablic reactions

What are the sources of VITAMIN D

• liver kidney

• salmon

• egg yolk

• vitamin D2 - plant based

• vitamin D3 - animal based

True or False: Can dogs and cats synthesize vitamin D?

no they cannot synthesize vitamin D from sin exposure to skin

What is the deficiency of VITAMIN D

• loss of bone osteoporosis

• similar signs as calcium deficiency

• rickets

What is the toxicity of VITAMIN D

• hypercalcemia

• production of calclium oxalate urinary stones

• developmental orthopedic disease

What are examples of sub categories of VITAMIN E

• alpha

• beta

• gamma

• delta

• tocopherols

• tocotrienols

What is the function of VITAMIN E

• lipid antioxidant

• acts as preservative for pet foods and products that contain PUFAs

What is the sources of VITAMIN E

• tocopherols

What is the deficiency of VITAMIN E

• statitis

• muscle weakness/myopathy

What is the toxicity of VITAMIN E

• not seen

• very high amounts could interfere with other fat sluble vitamins

What is the function of THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1)

• coenzymes for metablic processes

What are the sources of THIMAIN (VITAMIN B1)

• yeast

• kidney/liver

• legumes

• grain

• thiamine hydrochloride

What is the defiency of thiamin (vitamin B1)

• nuerolgic signs, weakness

• ventroflexion of the head and neck

• poor appetite

• weight loss

• heat sensitive

• thiaminase in raw fish

What is the function of COBALAMIN (VITAMIN b12)

• coenzymes

• amino acid synthesis

• DNA synthesis

What is the sources of COBALAMIN (VITAMIN b12)

• animal tissue

• yeast

• gut microbes

What is the deficiency of COBALAMIN (VITAMIN b12)

• anemia

• deificinecy can occur secondary to GI disease