AP Human Geography Unit 7 Vocab

industry

production of goods and services

Cottage industry

small-scale, home-based manufacturing

deindustrialize

decline of industrial activity

Secondary sector

jobs in manufacturing and processing

Quinary sector

top-level decision-making and services

Agglomeration economies

businesses clustering for shared benefits

Bulk-gaining industries

product gains weight or volume during production

containerization

shipping using standardized containers

Front offices

offices that interact directly with clients

Gross national income (GNI)

total income from a country’s citizens

Per capita

per person value

Informal sector

unregulated, untaxed part of the economy

Literacy rate

percent of population that can read and write

Human Development Index (HDI)

measure of income, education, and health

Dependency model

theory that poor countries depend on wealthy ones

Commodity dependence

economy reliant on a few resource exports

Comparative advantage

ability to produce at a lower cost

neoliberalism

belief in free markets and limited government

World Trade Organization (WTO)

global organization that manages trade rules

offshoring

moving production to another country

Basic economic activity

economic activities that bring money into a region

Export processing zones (EPZs)

trade zones for exporting goods

Free-trade zones (FTZs)

areas with no or low trade barriers

Fordism

mass production with specialized labor and assembly lines

Just-in-time delivery

goods delivered as needed to reduce inventory

technopoles

hubs of high-tech manufacturing and innovation

Backwash effects

economic harm to one region from another's growth

Raw materials

natural resources used to make products

Industrial Revolution

shift to industrial manufacturing

Rust belt

declining industrial region in the U.S.

Multiplier effect

increase in economic activity from an initial investment

Locational triangle

model showing least-cost production location

Labor-oriented industry (labor dependent industry)

industry relying on large labor force

intermodal

using multiple transport methods for shipping

Back offices

administrative offices with less client interaction

Gross domestic product (GDP)

total value of goods and services produced in a country

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

cost comparison of goods across countries

Gini coefficient

measure of income inequality

Gender gap

differences in outcomes for men and women

Stages of Economic Growth Model

theory of development in 5 stages

Non-governmental organization (NGO)

private, non-profit aid organization

trade

exchange of goods or services

complementarity

when two regions benefit by trading with each other

Trading blocs

groups of countries with trade agreements

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

global financial support organization

reshoring

bringing jobs or industry back home

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

companies operating in many countries

Special economic zones (SEZs)

zones with special trade and tax rules

Postindustrial economy

economy focused on services, not manufacturing

Substitution principle

replacing expensive inputs with cheaper ones

Locational interdependence

businesses' location decisions affect one another

Growth poles (growth centers)

areas of economic development

brownfields

abandoned industrial sites

market

location where goods are sold

Industrial belt

manufacturing region

Primary sector

jobs in agriculture and raw materials

Tertiary sector

service-based jobs

Quaternary sector

knowledge-based jobs

Least cost theory

theory that industries locate to minimize costs

Bulk-reducing industries

product loses weight during production

Break of bulk

location where goods are transferred between transport modes

footloose

industries that can locate anywhere

Gross national product (GNP)

total value of goods and services by a country’s citizens

remittances

money sent home by migrant workers

Formal sector

government-regulated part of the economy

Life expectancy

average age people live

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

measures inequality between genders

World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery model)

global division of labor

commodities

raw materials or agricultural products

barter

trading goods without money

Free trade

trade without tariffs or restrictions

Mercosur

South American trade bloc

outsourcing

contracting work to other companies

New international division of labor

global shift of manufacturing to developing countries

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

firms with operations in multiple countries

maquiladoras

factories in Mexico near the U.S. border

Assembly line

production process where workers do specific tasks

post-Fordist

flexible production methods

Agglomeration economies

benefits from businesses clustering

Spin-off benefits (spread effects)

positive effects spreading from economic growth

Rust belt

declining U.S. manufacturing region

Corporate parks (business parks)

areas with clusters of office buildings

sustainability

using resources without depleting them

Sustainable development

development meeting needs without harming future generations

Ecological footprint

impact of human activities on the environment

ecotourism

tourism focused on natural and sustainable environments

Sustainable Development Goals

UN goals for global development