Biology Cohort Revisio

Movement

An action by an organism causing a change in position

Respiration(COL)

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy

Sensitivity

The ability to detect the internal/external environment to make appropriate responses.

Control

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment

Reproduction

The processes that make more of the same kind of organism

Excretion

Removal of waste products of metabolism.

Nutrition

The taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

Growth

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number/size or both

Why are enzymes called biological catalyst

They increase the rate of reaction, found naturally and remain unchanged after the reaction.

'Lock and Key' model of an enzyme

When a substrate perfectly fits in an enzyme.

How does pH affect enzymes

Each enzyme has their own optimal pH, but change shape at extreme pH

Aerobic respiration

Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon dioxide+water+ATP

Respiration

The release of energy from food, mainly occurring in the Mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration

Glucose->lactic acid(alcohol in yeast)+ATP

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a lower water potential through a partially-permeable membrane.

State of cell + surrounding

Plasmolysed, hypertonic

State of cell + surrounding

Flaccid, Isotomic

State of cell + surrounding

Turgic, Hypotonic

Levels of organization(in the body)

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

Differentiation

The control of genes to create specialized cells, that carry out particular roles

Mitosis

Cells, such as zygotes, dividing in half to create more cells

What is a species

A group of organisms that share common characteristics and are able to breed with one another, but not able to breed with a different species

Virus

Non living, Can only reproduce in over cells, no cellular structure(Example:HIV,)

Bacteria

Single celled, no nucleus, can carry out photosynthesis but mostly feed on other organisms.(Example:Pneumococcus)

Protoctists

Single celled, some have feature like an animal or plants(Example:Chlorella)

Fungi

diagnosed in mycelium, made from thread-like structures(hyphae), cells wall made of chitin, can't carry out photosynthesis(Example:Mucor)

Animals

Multicellular,no cell wall, stores carbohydrates as glycogen(Example:You, yes you)

Plant

Multi cellular, cells contain chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, stores carbohydrate as sucrose(Example:Corn)

Gas exchange

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory system.

Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

a large surface area, thin walls, a moist lining, and a rich blood supply

Carbohydrate

Main energy source

Fats

Energy source, Insulation

Protein

Growth, Repair and Energy

Water

Needed to transport and have chemical reactions

Fibre

Help to move food throug hte gut

Calcium

Makes strong Teeth and Bone

Iron

Needed to make Haemoglobin, the oxygen carrying pigment in blood.

Vitamin A

Needed for good Eyesight

Vitamin C

Needed for connective tissue

Bitamin D

Helps absorb Calcium

Starch food test

food +water+Iodine solution brown->black

Sugar food test

food+water+Benedict's solution, heat the test tube to 90*C. Blue->green, yellow, brick red

Protein food test

food+water+Biuret's solution, blue->purple

Lipids food test

Food+ethanol then water, cloudy white suspension

Amylase

Salivary glands, starch->maltose

Maltase

Small intestine, Maltose->glucose

Pepsin

Stomach,Protein->peptides

Trypsin

Pancreas, Protein->Peptides

Lipase

Pancreas, Lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

Bile

Liver, Fat globules to smaller droplets.

Fats(digestion)

HCO,glycerol+fatty acids

Carbohydrate(digestion)

HCO,glucose or simple sugars

Protein(digestion

HCON, different amino acids

Ingestion

Intake of food by swallowing or absorbing it

Peristalsis

The contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine, creating wave like movements that push the contents forward.

Digestion

Mechanical: Physical break down of food into smaller bits

Chemical:Breakdown of food into smaller soluble molecules by enzymes and other chemical agents.

Absorption

The process which nutrient molecules pass from the digestive system into the blood system.

Assimilation

The process by which absorbed nutrients are taken in by the cells of the body and used for energy, growth and repair.

Egestion

The discharge/expulsion from the digestive tract