Hass exam bruh

BOLTSS

Border, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale, Source

SPICESS

• Space - How and where things are located on Earth’s surface, spacial distribution

• Place - Part of Earth’s surface given meaning by people

• Interconnection - The links between biotic and abiotic factors, societies and resources, showing that no place exists in isolation.

• Change - How landforms, cultures, and people change over time

• Environment - The physical and biological world, and the relationships that humans have with their surroundings.

• Sustainability - The idea of meeting the needs of the present while managing resources for future generations.

• Scale -How things can take place on different spacial levels and how things can have local and global impacts

Ecosystem services

The many and varied benefits that humans get from the natural environment and a functioning ecosystem

• Sources(Provisioning services) - natural products that can be used or converted to be used by humans(Eg. trees give wood and fruit) Is it a product?

• Sinks(Regulating services) - Processes that get rid of our waste(Eg. water purification, decomposition) Is it regulating a natural system?

• Services(Supporting services) - Things done for us by the ecosystem that arent physical resources(Eg. nutrient cycling, water cycling, soil formation) Is it a background ecological process?

• Spiritual(Cultural services) - The personal relationships humans have with the environment(Eg. Recreation, inspiration, indigenous connection to the land) Is it about human meaning or enjoyment?

Drivers of change

Direct drivers - directly damages ecosystems (Eg. deforestation, pollution, climate change, invasive species

Indirect drivers - Why those damaging actions happen, or factors that put futher strain on ecosystems (Eg. population growth → higher demand for food → more farming → deforestation.

Climate change → changing ecosystems → some animals can’t live there anymore and migrate to other ecosystems → invasive species

also economic development and technology)

Human changing environments

• Land - Deforestation, farming and urban development → habitat loss, soil erosion and land degredation

• Atmosphere - Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants and greenhouse gases, → air pollution and climate change

• Water - Damming and irrigation, reduce water quality and ecosystem health. Climate change shifts temperature and salinity, reducing biodiversity.

Ecosystem collapse

• Loss of key features

• Loss of plants and animals

• Loss of vital ecosystem services

• Size shrinking

Climate change

The gradual change in the Earth’s climate, involving rising temperatures and sea levels, causing extreme weather, loss of food security, etc.

PQE

• Pattern – Look at the source for patterns within the source. (There is a desert in the centre of a map)

• Quantify – Elaborate on those patterns using locations, numbers, and statistics. (The desert at the centre stretches across approximately 2500 square kilometres.

• Exceptions – What doesn’t fit the original pattern? (There is a small patch of temperate forest in the centre, which is an exception to the pattern) If there are no exceptions, then just say something like ‘there are no notable exceptions.’

Pulses and Presses

• Pulses - short term events that change ecosystems (Eg. bushfires, floods)

• Presses - long term changes that change ecosystems(Eg. temperature, salinity

Causes consequences and spacial ditribution

• Identifying Human‑Induced Change: Urbanisation

• Causes: population growth, housing demand, transport expansion, and economic development.

• Consequences: habitat fragmentation, increased pollution, heat‑island effect, and higher flood risk due to impermeable surfaces.

• Spatial distribution: concentrated around major cities such as Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, with rapid expansion occurring on city fringes and coastal zones.

different worldviews

• Anthropocentric - Human centred world view. Care about things only if it prioritieses humans and their needs and progress

• Egocentric - Self centred world view. Things only matter tothe extent that stuff impacts or supports them and their lifestyle

• Ecocentric - Ecosystem centred world view. All live matters and reducing human impace and maintaining ecological balance is the most important thing

• Biocentric - Living things centred worldview. Animals have equal rights and stuff

Why do views differ

• Where we live - environments shape our values

• Culture and religion - beliefs influence how we feel about nature

• Education - affects understanding of environmental issues

• Standard of living - needs and priorities differ

• Personal experiences - shape how we see the natural environment

People and ecosystems interconnection

People depend on the natural environment	People impact the natural environment	Human choices and behaviour respond to natural environments
We rely on the environment for survival, comfort, and economic activity.	Human activities also change natural systems — mostly negatively, but sometimes positively.	Environmental characteristics shape how people live and organise their communities.
Resources We use water, soil, forests, and minerals for food, shelter, and industry.	Land use change Urbanisation, farming, mining, and forestry reshape landscapes.	Climate Determines what crops can grow, what clothing is worn, and how houses are built.
Ecosystem services Natural environments provide clean air, pollination, climate regulation, and fertile soil.	Pollution Air, water, and soil pollution affect ecosystems and species.	Terrain Mountains, rivers, and coasts influence where towns develop and how people travel.
Cultural and spiritual values Many communities — particularly First Nations peoples — have deep spiritual connections to land and Country.	Climate change Greenhouse gas emissions alter global temperatures and weather patterns.	Natural hazards Bushfires, floods, and cyclones affect settlement patterns and emergency planning.
Recreation and wellbeing Parks, beaches, and forests support mental and physical health.	Conservation efforts National parks, restoration projects, and wildlife protection help preserve ecosystems.	Biodiversity Rich ecosystems can support tourism, scientific research, and cultural activities.

Custodial responsibility

The obligation of indigenous communities to care for the land, resources, and life forms (called ‘country’), ensuring sustainability while passing down traditions and knowledge for future generations.

Sustainable practices include firestick farming or controlled burns to prevent forest fires from becoming too destructive, seasonal hunting to prevent exploitation and loss of biodiversity.

The Birriliburu rangers carry out their custodial responsibility through their partnership with Bush Heritage, which gives them access to satellite technology and databases, making their efforts more effective and efficient (Two way learning)

Caring for country

The activities done by indigenous people to protect, maintain and heal the land

Natural causes climate change

volcanic eruptions	eruptions release ash and gas	in short term ash can block the sun and cool the planet and in the long term volcanic C02 contributes to warming
Solar variation	Suns energy output changes over time	they can warm or cool the earth

Consequences of Climate change