micro idk yet

what do microbes do in food

bread yogurt, pickles beer, etc different types of fermenting

ecosystems what do microbes do here

they are important decomposers

diseease do lots of microbes cause harm

no on;ly a few but the few are important

biotechnoology how are microbes important

they allow for meds, vaccines, enzymes and DNA tools

what is a microbe that causes harm called

pathogens

microbes drive what 2 cycles

carbon and nitrogen

microbes support and shape:

plant growth, food webs, atmosphere, oceans, soil, and human health

if microbes dispeared humans would notice:

instantly, no microbes, no digestion, no plants, no humans, no world

microbiologist who study cell structure ask

what microbes are made of

microbiologist who study genetics ask

how do trait resistance spread

micro biologist who study evoluution and taxonomy as k

how are microbes related

enviorment interactions microbiologit support

how do microbes sha[e ecosystems

microbiolgist who study growth and physiology ask whart

what condistions let microbes thrive

medical microbiolgist and what rhey do

diganois infection

public health l microbiolgist and what rhey do

tracking outbreaks

i=immunology l microbiolgist and what rhey do

vaccines and immune defense

industrial l microbiolgist and what rhey do and what they do

food, medicines, enzymes

agricultural/enviormental l microbiolgist and what rhey do

crops, soil polltants

making yogurt is what branch of micro? how about tracking the flu?

i dustrial

public healt h

examples of tradional biotech / what oolder people did

making cheese, wine etc

example of modern biotechnology hwat we do today

insulin, enzymes dna tools vaccines

examples of enviromentla biotechnology f

wastewater treatment and bio remediation

yeast + sugar produces

carbon and o2

bacteria + sugar produces

acids such as lactic acid

what led people ot have clues about microbes

people observing diease patterns

microscopes revealed invisable life, hooke made the first microscope, but who trueley saw the first single celled organisms

van leeuwenhoeknhook

what connected microbes to diease

germ theory

snow is whom

father of epithermigoly he told them to stop using the handle at the pumpp and theyd stop getting chlorea a water doo doo idease

lister is who

first to use disinfecant used carbonic acid during surgery

semmelweis is who

father of ahnd washing showed that handwashing lowered rate of infections

miasma theroy before microscopes people belvied

diease came from bad air

sanitation and wuarantine sometimes worked even without

germ theroy people would listen based on patterns h

hippocrates helped move medicine away from

supernatural causes e

early observations of microbes were useful but _____ were missing

mechanisms

evne though we knew about micribes this was not enough because scientist stilll had to test 2 things

where microbes came form and wherther they caused diease or not

pasturw swan neck flask expierment explain

asked if microbes are from dust or air or just form from non living life, had one with open air one with open air with filter, one with filter had no microbes but the other one had microbes without the filter

koch proved that microbes caused sickness explain his four postulates of what he did to isolate this truth

find the micribe in sick hosts

isolate and grow it

intoduce it into healthy host

recover the same microbe again

as we know lister was the only one who was able to hse pastur’s ideas into practice by using anseptics this connection proves that

scientifci explinations can change public health practices

test of the scientifc method

observe, ask, hypothesize , predict, test, revise

carolus linaeus popularized the two part binominal nomenclature or the two partt scientfic name including

Genus species w

why are two part scientific names important

it helps us accurately communicate across langauges and regions because these names mean the same thing everywhere

before darwin organisms were often grouped by___________ after Darwin groups should reflect__________ so modern taxonomy uses ______ not just ______

visable similarity

envolutionary groups

molecules

appearence

RRNA is present in all _______ life and its sequence changes ______ over evoletornary time

all cellular life

slowly

comparing RNA revaled that prokaryotes WERE not

all one group

RRNA evaluation resultedi n the 3 domains which are

bacteira, arcahea, and eukarya

bacteria describe this domain (3)

prokaryotic, peptidoglycan walls, enormous diversity

Archaea describe this domain (4)

Prokaryotic, no peptidglycan, unique membranes, many habitiats

Eukarya describe this domain (3)

Nucleus + organelles, inclues animals, plants, fungi and protists

Phylogenetics is

determining evolutionary relationships

DNA and RNA sequences reveal patterns of

similarity

Trees are models of DNA sequencing they are very useful but revised when

evidence improves

Bergeys manual a referance for

identifying and classifying bacteria

bergies manual uses traits such as ____ ____ ____ ____ and _____ to identify bacteira

shape, cell wall, metabolism, genetics and habitat

strains of bacteria can _____ within the same species

differ

clinical use of bergys manuel"?

identify pathogen and guide treatment decisions

if a human cell were a basket ball a bacterium would be the size of a _____and many viruses would be _____ still

marble

smaller

how big are bacterium and mitochondria? and how big are viruses

1 micro meter

1 nano meter

cellular prokaryotes include ____ and _____ and reproduce like ______

bacteria, archaea, cells

cellular ekauryotes include (4)

protzoa, algae, fungi, helminths

nonceullar agents include

viruses and prions

bacteria have no _______ their DNA is located in the _____ region

nucleus

nucleoid region

Cerll walls of bacteria usually include

petidoglycan

bacteria SHAPE INCLUDE “

cocci, bacilli, spirals, and more

bacteria can be _____ and ____ and ___ (based on what they re

beneficial, netural, pathogenic

describe each shape

cococus

bacillus

spirillium

cocobacilius

spherical

rod sahped

sprial

short rod/ oval

describe the 3 arrangements in bacteria

chains, clusters and pairs

Archaea have no _____ but also have no _____ unlike bacteira in cell walls

nucleus

petidoglycan

archaea have unique ________ and ____

membrane lipids and enzymes

archaea can liver in extreme _____ _____ and _____ like the location of _______

heat, salt, acid, thermal vents

archaea can also live in these 3 places _____ _____ ____ _____

oeans, soils, seidments, animal guts

arcahea are key players in _______

methanine production and nutrients cycling

what kind of cell is this no nucleus, no peptidoglycan, unique membrane lipids, isolated from a hot spring???

archaea

Eukaryotic micro organism include what 3 divisons

protozoa, algae, fungir

protzoa are ____l like protists, often _____ and _____ (how they get food)

animal, motile, hterotrophic

Algae are _____ protists many are _____ and ____ vary

photosytnehtic, aquatic, cell walls

fungi have ____ cell walls, include ____ and _____ and are ____ and _____ (functions what they do)

chitin, yeast and molds, decomposers and pathogens

Protozoa are ____ celled eukaryotes

single

Protzoa move by _____ _____ or ______

cillia, flagella, pseduopoda

some protozoa are ____ (pertaining to how they get nutrience)

parasites

algae can be ____. or ____ cellular

single or multi

algae is the primary producer in ____ ecsystems

aquatic

many algae have cell walls but what they are made of varies by group example is diatoms with what kind of cell walls

silica

what is a unicellular fungi and how does it reproduce

yeast, reproduced by budding

molds are ___ cellular nad hypae form _____

multicellular, mycelium

yes reasons for viruses being alive

has genetic material and evolves

No reason for viruses being alive

made of cells, reprodues indepdently, uses own metabolism

virus do they have genetic material

yes they have dna and rna but never both at the same times

what is the protein cap on a virus called and what does it do

capsid, surrounds genome important for host cell reqconition

do viruses have ribosomes, metabolisms or independent reproduction

NOPE

viruses infect _____ and redirect _____ ______

host cells

cellular machinery

do prions or infectious protiens have DNA RNA or cells

NO

what do prions do

causes normal proteins to misfold

prions are associated with

severe neurodegenerative dieseases

prions resist many normal ______ aproaches

sterilization approaches

are there treatments avaliable for prions

ABSOLUTELy NOT

oprotunistic pathogens cause diease when defenses are ________ or ____ changes, context of host matters

weaked or locations change,

why chemestry matters in micero biology 4 reasons

microbes are chemical systems

cell structure depdends on bond and polarity

metabolism is a serious reaction

drugs and disinfectants disrupt molecules

what defines the element

protons

what adds mass to an element

neutrons

electrons determine ______ while valence electrons controls ______

bonding

reactivity