Hon Am Unit 2: Progressive Era of Reform

Issues that affected how people lived

Social Issues

The early 20th century period of change

Progressive Era

Dirty, cramped apartment-style buildings where Primarily New Immigrants lived; Slums

Tenements

Progressive journalists who wrote about problems in society

Muckrakers

Were the first in the history of journalism to take photographs

Muckrakers

Most famous title, "How the Other Half Lives."

Jacob Riis

A Collection of photos of the New York City Tenements, though many were staged

"How the Other Half Lives"

Famous Work, "The Jungle."

Upton Sinclair

People missed the socialist message behind it and instead fixated on the problems of food production

"The Jungle"

Sinclair wrote "The Jungle" as a critique of __________ and aimed to start a ___________

Capitalism, Socialist uprising

From 1900-1910, Pittsburgh's population grew from 321,000 to 553,000 because of these reasons:

New Immigrants, Job opportunities, industrialization

In 1910, Pittsburgh became the ____ ________ city in the country

8th largest

Reforms that improved how people lived

Social Reforms

Famous examples of Muckrakers

Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair

Groups of volunteers who helped both European and Asian Immigrants

Benevolent Societies

Movement led mostly by middle-class women, emphasizing biblical principles. Housing, healthcare, and education were all focuses

Social Gospel Moverment

Community centers that helped the urban poor

Settlement Houses

Jane Addams founded this settlement house in Chicago

Hull house

Built in 1899 in Pittsburgh to provide entertainment

Kennywood

Built in 1897 in New York to provide entertainment

Coney Island

Progressives saw this as equalizer (This would create equality among society); promoted capitalism

Education

Improved life, emphasis on education

Social Legacies of Progressivism

Issues relating to laws, voting, how people are governed, political processes, and elections

Political Issues

Ran local and city governments; would often bribe people in exchange for votes

Political machines

Political machine in NYC ran by William "Boss" Tweed

Tammany Hall

Ran Tammany Hall

Boss Tweed (William Tweed)

Type of corruption where someone uses political influence for personal gain

Graft

Type of corruption where government jobs are given to supporters regardless of skill

Spoils System

First Presidential election with large campaign spending

1896 Election

Key critic of big campaign spending; wanted to take money out of Politics

Robert La Follette

Organizations that independently raise money for president's campaigns

PACs (Political Action Committees)

Organizations that can raise "unlimited" and undocumented sums of money for president campaigns

SuperPAC

_____ rights were largely denied to African Americans in the South

Voting/suffrage

Women's _____ rights were determined state by state

Suffrage

Reforms that addressed the government and elections

Political Reforms

Reform that made people's votes secret

Secret Ballot

Reform where voters propose laws first which will be voted on by the public later, bypassing legislation; Citizens propose, citizens vote

Initiate

Reform where voters/legislation propose laws which will then be voted on through the use of a ballot; Legislation proposes, citizens vote

Referendum

Reform that allows voters to remove elected officials from office

Recall

Amendment that allowed the people to elect senators instead of the parties/state governments choosing

17th Amendment

Amendment that gave women the right to vote

19th Amendment

Reform that allows the people to choose their presidential candidate that will represent their political party

Direct Primary

Former governor of Wisconsin; Wisconsin Idea

Robert La Follette

Idea that politicians' votes on bills should be public; aimed to get money out of politics

Wisconsin Idea

Campaign slogan/promise was "A Square Deal", established national Parks, and read books super fast and often

Teddy Roosevelt

Main idea was balance (Big Business and workers, environment and industry, etc.0

"A Square Deal"

Saved American football, gov can be a source of good, and people in power can shape public opinion

Bully Pulpit

Gave more power to voters, 17th and 19th Amendments, danger of split elections (1912 election)

Political Legacies of Progressive Era

1912 election showed the danger of this type of election

Split Election

Winner of 1912 election with 6.3 million votes despite opponents having a combined 7.3 million votes

Woodrow Wilson

Issues that hamper growth and fairness and hold back the economy

Economic Issues

Reforms that address growth, fairness, and refulation

Economic Reforms

Worst economic crisis before the Great Depression

Panic of 1893

Tensions rose between rich and poor, people began questioning capitalism

Followed Panic of 1893

First ________ wage laws established in Massachusetts 1912. Declared ________ by Supreme Court in 1923

Minimum, unconstitutional

Felt exploited by low pay, long hours, dangerous conditions

Workers

Teacher hired by National Child Labor Committee in 1904

Lewis Hine

Act passed to prevent child labor, was declared unconstitutional in 1918

Keating-Owen Act

Monopoly power over an industry

Trust

A primary source of revenue for the government in the early 1900s

Tariffs

Bore the burden of government funding due to tariffs in the early 1900s

Middle and lower income earners

Amendment that created a progressive income tax; placed the burden of funding for the gov on the wealthy

16th Amendment

Fire broke out, killing 146 young teen girl workers due to the exits being locked (employers locked doors since the girls were "using the restrooms too much")

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

The fine payed for all 146 deaths from the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

$20

Roosevelt acted as an arbitrator between Coal Workers and companies; first time government responded to a strike nonviolently and by helping the workers

1902 Coal Strike

Supreme Court dissolved this company in 1904 for violating Sherman Antitrust Act, 7 years before the breakup of Standard Oil

1902 Northern Securities RR

First introduced in Wisconsin after Shirtwaist Fire; Workers entitled to percentage of their income in case of injury at work

Worker's Compensation

incentive for employers to maintain workplace safety

Worker's Compensation

Series of banks that act as a national banking system: Control money supply, set baseline interest rates, respond to inflation

Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve ______ interest rates to encourage borrowing/spending

Lowers

The Federal Reserve ________ interest rates to encourage saving

Raises

Organization that ensures fairness in Business and better enforces antitrust laws

Federal Trade Commission

Act passed in 1914 to strengthen Sherman Antitrust Act

Clayton Antitrust Act

Increased gov control/oversight, improved work pay and conditions, federal income, 16th Amendment

Economic Legacies of the Progressive Era

Social, political economic freedom and equality

Civil Rights

Reconstructing the country after the Civil War, 1865-1877

Reconstruction

Amendment that abolished slavery

13th Amendment

Amendment that provided equal protection under the law and gave birthright citizenship

14th Amendment

Amendment that gave voting rights for Black men

15th Amendment

Election where the republicans won and the democrats removed unions troops from the south

Compromise of 1877

A tax that needed to be payed in order to vote

Poll tax

A 30 question test that needed to be taken in 10 minutes (with 100% accuracy) in order to vote

Literacy tests

A voting restriction that said that if your grandfather voted, you could vote as well even if you couldn't pass the literacy tests or pay the poll taxes

Grandfather clauses

A character in a show eventually used to mean segregation; had many laws with this title

Jim Crow

Mob murder, typically against African Americans (hanging, burning at the stake)

Lynching

Wrote about lynching and unequal education opportunities

Ida B. Wells

1921, Tulsa Oklahoma was attacked and burned down following an accusation against a 17 y/o black male assaulting a young white girl

Tulsa Massacre/Attack on "Black Wall Street"

First Aerial assault on American soil

Tulsa Massacre

1892, Homer Plessy sat in "Whites Only" train car. Taken to Supreme Court, court ruled that separate-but-equal ideals and state laws did not violate the constitution

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Civil Right Leader known for his advocating for slow and gradual change. Dined at White House as guest of Teddy Roosevelt.

Booker T. Washington

Washington's repeated phrase during the Atlanta Exposition Address

"Cast down your buckets where you are."

Washington emphasized trades and jobs before ________

Education

Booker T. Washington's autobiography, 1901

"Up from Slavery"

Civil rights Leader born a free man 1868 Massachusetts, middle class; Advocated for full and immediate equality

W.E.B Dubois

Books written by W.E.B. DuBois

1903 "The Souls of Black Folk," "Talented Tenth"

W.E.B. DuBois and Ida B. Wells cofounded this organization; Largest civil rights organization in the country

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

DuBoisd was a critic of Woodrow Wilson for this

Segregating federal government employees

State anti-lynching laws, NAACP

Progresive Gains

First National convention on women's Suffrage

1848, Seneca Falls Convention in New York

Advocators for Women's Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton