History WWII, Cold War, Effects

What were some characteristics of Adolf Hitler 1889-1945

Self-absorption/ fantasies

admiration for brute strength

influenced by Mussolini’s regime in Italy

Another name for the National Socialist German Worker’s Party

Nazis and Fascism

What were the main beliefs of Nazis and fascists

nationalism

anti-commuist and anti-semitic

Contempt (beneath) for democracy

Glorification of War (rearmament)

Autarky (Economic Self Sufficiency)

Return Women to the household

Dates for Nazi beginings

Failed coup in 1923

Hitler’s Mein Kampt in 1925

What were some concepts in Hitler’s Mein Kampt

biography

domestic policy

foreign policy

“Racial” policy

How did Nazis come to power?

“Legally”

Used depression politics to move from governmental paralysis

they were an “alternative”

elections

Conservative intrigues

When did the Nazi party come to 100% power

November 1933 and was the only party

Who was the leader of the Nazis

Hitler by 1934

What was the belief of armed forces under the nazi party?

rearmament — to equip the army with new weapons

What was media like under the Nazi party?

Media was controlled by the state by 1934

What was the economy like under the Nazi party?

Deficit spending or excess spending by borrowing not by taxes

What did Germany become by 1939

a Totalitarian state

What prejudiced measures were created under the Nazi party?

Anti-jewish measures called the Nuremberg laws in 1935

What was Nazism (Fascism) a subset of?

Totalitarianism

How did Nazi’s make people perceive them?

They painted themselves as an “Alternative” to liberal democracy or communism

Were all germans nazis by 1939?

no

What did the nazi party want to revise?

The versailles peace treaty which would lead to war

The second world war time

1939 - 1945

Why did Hitler have no opposition on the road to war?

others were preoccupied with internal problems

How did fascism strengthen the road to war?

International fascist cooperation and expansion in:

Japan and Manchuria, 1931

Italy and Ethiopia, 1935

What was the group in the “wrong” called?

The “Axis Powers“

How did German allies help the road to war instead of prevent it?

Allied appeasement of Hitler from 1936-1939 gave Hitler what he wanted in hopes of avoiding war, but one started

What were some key moments of the first stage of WWII 1939-41

Nazi Blitzkreig

Conquest of Poland and France 1939-1940

Invasion of the Soviet Union 1941

Japan and Pearl Harbor, December 1941

Home front in WWII

Aerial bombing

Total war: more than the great war

Nazi slave labor of 6 million+

What turned the tide of WWII from 1942-45

Stalingrad, Winter 1943 — major defeat for Germany in the Soviet Union

Allies: the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France June 1944

What are two words to describe WWII?

Scientific and Racial war

How many died in WWII

over 60 million

How did Europe view WWII

as Hitler’s War

How did Asia view the war?

Japan’s War

What similarity did Germany and Japan have?

both needed conquest to maintain great power status

Who was the Grand Alliance

US, Soviets, Britain

What was the allied tactic used in 1945

“closing the ring” which meant isolating and encircling Nazi Germany to prevent them from being able to escape or replenish their resources

What happened to Hitler after Germany’s defeat?

He hid in his Berlin bunker then committed suicide leading to German surrender in April/May

What were the stages of the holocaust

State-planned elimination of Europe’s Jewish population

6 million of a total 12 million in Europe were murdered

policy of dehumanization began in 1933

deportation

ghettoization

extermination

When were japanese victories of the pacific war

1941-1942

What was the allied strategy for the pacific war

Island hopping

What lead to allied success in the pacific war

aerial bombing and naval blockade

When were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

August 1945

What was the impact of WWII

60 million deaths

the shattering of Europe

advances in “Big Science”

United nations as a world forum

What happened as a result of the war “Shattering Europe”?

an increased rise of the soviet union and the US

the start of decolonization

What were some of the “Big Science” additions in WWII

atomic bomb, radar, jet engines, antibiotics, computing devices

Which 5 counties lost the most people in WWII

Britain

Poland

Soviet Union

Germany

Japan

What were the results of the war on Europe

physical destruction — infrastructure, housing, factories

changes in territory

change of balance of power with the US/USSR

Reinvigoration of Western Liberal Democracies

Simultaneous rise of communism

roots laid for transnational cooperation: UN

What “unfought” war was a root of the cold war?

the unfought war between US/Allies and USSR/Allies 1945-1991

What was the Cold War considered?

Longest, most expensive war ever contested lasting 45 years

Terms for the Cold War

West vs East

capitalism vs communism

democracy vs totalitarianism

What was the main origin of the Cold War

Post-War mistrust

What were the soviet intentions of the Cold War

spread communism in Europe (and elsewhere)

What was the US response to Soviet intentions leading to the Cold War

Truman Doctrine, 1947

Marshal Plan, 1947

What was said under the Truman Doctrine 1947

to contain communism with military aid to countries who request it and to transform the US into “activist” country during peace time

What was the purpose and affect of the Marshall Plan 1947

Economically rebuild Europe:

$133 billion grants (not loans)

Rebuilt Europe and create jobs

create broader middle class

support democracy

buy US goods

Why did the Cold War create a bipolar world?

It split the world into an East and West side

What created the East and West sides of the Cold War

growing tensions increased side numbers

Germany divided into 4 occupational zones

Berlin itself also split

Berlin Blockade 1948-1949

Soviet attempt to bully West Berlin/Allies

West response was to supply the city needs by air— every 30 seconds a plane would land

What also caused the bipolar world?

loss of china in 1949

soviet bomb in 1949

Formation of Alliances

Who was NATO (1949)

“The West” US etc.

Who was the Warsaw Pact (1955)

“East” soviet union etc.

What wars were a result of the Cold War

Korean and Vietnam Wars (1950-1975)

What were some aspects of the Korean and Vietnam Wars (1950-1975)

“Proxy wars” — no direct fighting

Western attempt to contain communism

Korea split between north and south

Vietnam communist north, “wins”.

What were the loss of European colonial empires?

india: 1947

revolution

civil war

negotiation

What divided Europe?

Domination of Soviet Union in the East/ US in the West

What did the division of Europe lead to for the country?

Spurs development of the European Union 1957, with collective economic security

What happened in the 1960’s - 1990’s

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Where soviets places nuclear missile bases in Cuba at the “peak” of the cold war

Example of propaganda for the Cuban Missile Crisis

Duck and Cover with Bert the Turtle — a 1951 Civil Defense Film

What happened to the Soviet Union from 1989-1991

It began to, and did, collapse

How did WWII impact Asia

Japan, China and other parts were devastated and this weakened Europe leading to a slow recovery.

When did Asia begin to recover?

the 1950s

When did Asia catch up to US/Europe

The 2000s, with Latin America and Africa following

What was Japan like after the war?

US occupation lead to a restoration of liberal democracy and an allyship from the 1990s to today

What actions did the US take when they occupied Japan?

made the emperor renounce his divinity and demilitarized the country

What was the growth of Japan post-war considered?

The Japanese Miracle

When did Japan rival US economy

1980s

What was the new rule in China post-war

Warlord Rule with Multiple “chinas”

Who lead the new communist china and what were his ideals?

Mao Zedong (1893-1976), leading to communists vs. the “Nationalists”

Who took over China until 1949

Brutal Japanese occupation until communist takeover in 1949 which sent most nationalists to Taiwan

What shift happened in China in 1966-1976?

A cultural revolution that saw a reinforcement of communism, “re-education” for non-conformers, purges, and deaths

What huge economic change did China adopt post-Mao?

They injected some ideas of capitalism into their communist system in the late 1970’s, leading to faster development

What happened in Tiananmen Square 1989?

A pro-democracy protest run by students was violently suppressed by the government, resulting in numerous casualties. Many people began blocking the tanks but none more famous than “Tank Man”

What did this rapid Chinese consumption do for the country?

Increased mechanization and agriculture reducing peasantry

Rapid industrialization

Rapid urbanization

What are the populations like of Chinese cities

122 cities have over 1 M people

What arose in China thanks to rapid urbanization?

A rise of Chinese middle class: 430 million people today

Now that Asia was catching up with the US and Europe, how did this impact globalization?

Banking, trade, migration, communication → increased integration

over 120 million migrants

Tariffs and barriers to foreign trade crumbled

What happened to the share of world exports due to the rise of East Asia’s economic prominence

World exports doubled during this period

What was the focus of poorer nations to keep up with the rest of the world?

Focused on the production of low-tech goods and raw materials. Yet, wealthier nations tend to get wealthier