Gen Bio lesson 2

Cell

basic structural and

functional unit of living

organisms

Human RBC(Red blood cell)

circular biconcave far

easy passage through

human capillaries.

Nerve cell

branched to conduct

impulses from one

point to another.

Nerve Cell

Signaling all your regulatory system

ultrastructure

The structure of a cell as

seen under an electron

microscope is called

electron microscope

Certain structures can

be seen only under an

cell

make up

living things and carry out

activities that keep living

alive.

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

Three main parts of the cell are:

Cell membrane

separates the internal contents

of the cell from its environment.

It is a phospholipid bilayer

with proteins embedded in it.

Cell membrane

Semi permeable

Cell membrane

Maintains shape & size of the

cell

▪Protects internal contents of

the cell

Cell membrane

Regulates entry and exit of

substances in and out of the

cell

▪Maintains homeostasis

homeostasis

the ability of a living organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

cytoplasm

The whole region within the cell membrane is

cytosol

jelly like structure

cytoplasm

dito nadidissolve yung mga organic materials and also calcium ion, sodium, potassium

cytoplasm

Various metabolic reactions like protein

synthesis and breakdown of sugar into

ATP take place in the cytoplasm.

cytoplasm

▪ Other organic materials are found in the

▪ Centrioles, cytoskeleton, and plastids

are the specialized organelles in the

nucleus

is the third main part of the

cell. It is generally oval in

shape, covered with a nuclear

membrane or envelope

nucleus

the control center of the cell

glucose; Amino acid, nucleic acid, fatty acid

organic materials that are found in cytoplasm

nucleus

regulates and coordinates all activities in the cell

nucleus

Diameter varies to 10-25um

nucleus

present in all cell except red blood cells and sieve tube cells

nucleus

Dense spherical body located near the centre of the

cell.

nucleus

Undeveloped in bacteria and blue-green algae

(cyanobacteria)

▪ Most of the cells are uninucleated. (having only one

nucleus)

▪ Few types of cells have more than one nucleus

(skeletal muscle cells

uninucleated cell

having only ine nucleus

skeletal muscle cells

few types of cell having more than one nucleus

chromosomes

are found in the nucleus.

Within the chromosomes are

DNA that make up the gene

that bears the hereditary

traits.

organelles

To be able to perform its

function, the cell

contains cytoplasm

structures called

Mitochondria

are the sites for the

breakdown of sugar

molecules into

adenosine

triphosphate or ATP,

which is the main

source of energy in

the body

Mitochondria

power house of the cell

Ribosomes

▪are the sites of protein

synthesis. The coded message

from DNA as to what kind of

protein is to be synthesized is

carried by the mRNA from the

nucleus to the ribosome.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

mRNA

messenger ribonucleic acid

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transports of proteins, lipids

Endoplasmic Reticulum

▪ consists of flattened sheets, sacs,

and tubes of membranes that

extend throughout the cytoplasm of

eukaryotic cells

Golgi apparatus

system of flattened, membranebound sacs that looks like stack of

pancakes is the

Golgi apparatus

modify, sort, and pack

macromolecules for secretion or for

transport to other organelles

Camillio Golgi

Golgi apparatus is discovered by

5-8

Golgi apparatus is formed by ___membranous sacs

cisternae

The sacs that are usually flattened are called

Lysosomes

suicidal sacs, digestive sacs

Lysosome

Destroyed bacteria

▪ is also produced by the Golgi

apparatus. It is a membrane

bound organelle that comes in

various sizes and shapes.

▪ Lysosomes contain numerous

hydrolytic or digestive enzymes

for the breakdown of

carbohydrates, proteins, and

fats within the cell.

peroxisomes

regenerates hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

▪Are small, membrane-enclosed

organelles that contain enzymes

involves in a variety of

metabolic reactions.

Hydrogen peroxide

destroyed the exist catalysts in the cells where in neutralized the cellular toxic sa water ng cell

Vacuole

Gets rid of the waste product(plant)

Storsge of water and food , while other excrition

Golgi apparatus

flattened sacs who carries materials in the part of the body

Vacuole

Large storage sacs in cell

vacuole

A membrane-bound organelle

found in plant, fungal and some

protists, animal and bacterial ce

vesicles

small, membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within a cell or between the cell and its external environment

unicellular organism

An organism that is

made up of only one cell

is called as

Multicellular organism

An organism that is

made up of more than

one cell is called

as

1um

The size of the cell is

Mycoplasma

0.1 um

Ostrich egg

18cm

Sperm cell

Smallest cell 5um

Ovum cell

Largest cell 120um

Female

Ovum cell is from

Nerve Cell

Longest cell 1m

95%

Vacuole in plant cells occupy __of cell volume

centrosome

Outside the nucleus of animal

cells is found the centrosome. It

consists of two rod-shaped

centrioles which are at right

angle to each other

centrosome

They replicate before cell

division resulting into two pairs of

centrioles that later move apart

becoming part of the newly

formed cells.

cytoskeleton

A network of

interconnected

protein filaments that

extends throughout

the cytoplasm is the

____ that

provides the cell’s

structural support

cytoskeleton

RESPONSIBLE for cell shape

Plastids

are large membrane-bound

organelle found in plant cell

Plastids

They often contain different

types of pigments that can

change the colour of the

cell.

chloroplast

The first is the ____, the greencolored plastid which is caused by the

green pigment called chlorophyll and

is the site for photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

responsible for green pigment

chromoplasts

colored

plastids other than green. These are

specialized to synthesize and store

carotenoid pigments such as red,

orange, and yellow.

carotenoid

responsible for yellow, red, orange

leucoplasts

The third are_____, the colorless

plastid that contain stored food

Crystalline prolamellar bodies, precursors of chlorophyll