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Valence electrons
Electrons in outermost shell (highest n); determine bonding
Core electrons
Inner electrons; not involved in bonding
Octet rule
Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to get 8 valence e⁻ (like noble gases)
Ion formation
Metals → lose e⁻ → cations (+); nonmetals → gain e⁻ → anions (–)
Properties of ionic compounds
Form crystal lattices’ high MP/BP, conduct when molten/dissolved; formula = neutral overall charge (e.g., Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ → CaCl₂)