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In what decade did the civil rights movement begin and why?
The 1950s with the Supreme Court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
A Supreme Court ruling that banned segregation of blacks and whites in schools.
What were local authorities directed to do after Brown v. Board of Education, and what did the South do?
To desegregate schools, but the South often ignored the direction.
Who are the Little Rock Nine?
9 black high school students who challenged the enforcement of desegregation in schools.
What did President Eisenhower order Federal troops to do regarding the Little Rock Nine?
To escort the students to school. This is called and Executive Order.
Who was Rosa Parks and what did she do?
A women who challenged segregation on public transportation against the bus system in Montgomery.
What effect did Rosa Parks have on segregation?
Resulted in a year long boycott against the Montgomery bus system that ended when the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on Public Transit Systems was unconstitutional.
Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?
A black man who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
What was Martin Luther King Jr.'s style of trying to end segregation?
He was passive and lead nonviolent resistance protests inspired by Gandhi.
When was Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated?
April 4, 1968
What did the 24th Amendment of 1964 do?
Outlawed Poll Taxes
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Made it illegal for employers, unions, schools, or anything public to discriminate based on race, national origin, religion, or gender. It also created the Equal Opportunity Commission to monitor and enforce the law.
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
Authorized the Attorney General to send examiners to the South to register voters, banning all literacy and other voter qualification tests. This was brought about primarily in response to the murder of three Civil Rights workers (Mississippi Burning).
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1968 do?
Prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of housing and imposed penalties on people who injured civil rights workers or people who traveled from state to state to organize riots.
What are Sit-ins?
A non-violent protest where blacks would sit in restaurants until they were served. Method was successful and spread throughout the South.
What are freedom rides?
The act of riding buses from state to state in order to challenge segregation on interstate transportation.
Why were Federal Troops sent to the University of Mississippi?
Because they were required to guard a black student attending class there.
What was the March on Washington?
An event were 500,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to get Federal Legislation for Civil Rights (also were Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
What was the Freedom Summer of 1964?
A rally to get blacks to registered to vote in the South.
Who was Malcom X?
The leader of the Black Muslim movement who supports Black Nationalism and Black Power, the belief that blacks should be self reliant and less cooperative with whites. He was killed in 1965.
What is Black Power?
A belief system that emphasized a range of feeling from black self reliance to violent revolution, all emphasizing less cooperation with white society.
Who was Stokley Carmichael?
The leader of Black Power.
What was the SNCC?
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that supported black power and was led by Stokley Carmichael.
What were the Black Panthers and who led them?
Black power extremists led by Huey Newton.
What role did whites play in the Civil Rights movement after the shift to militancy?
The whites played a very little role.
What was the pride of Blacks during the and after the civil rights movement?
They were very prideful, and even had "Black Studies" studied in school, a new black literacy, and artistic movements.
What is Affirmative Action and who supported it?
Affirmative action is the integration of races to appear to be fair and equal. This ideology was supported by President Johnson in 1965.
What were the Urban Riots occuring from 1967 to 1968?
Riots over poverty, unemployment, police brutality, and whites controlling businesses and real estate due to racial inequality. This occurred in about 75 cities.
What effect did Martin Luther King, Jr.'s death have on society?
Set off riots in 40 cities across America.
