Ch.21 Anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems OpenStax / Wescott courses Physiology

What are the three main components of the lymphatic system?

The Lymph nodes (site for production of the lymphocytes)

lymphatic vessels ( carry lymph through the body)

and the lymph ( fluid that circulates into the lymphatic system that carries the lymphocytes and interstitial fluid throughout the body)

What is the role of the dendritic cell in infection by HIV?

Dendritic cells present the proteins of HIV to the B-ells present in the lymph nodes, which differentiates into plasma cells to produce anti bodies. The concentration of these HUV specific antibodies is used to detect aids in a person

Phagocyte chemotaxis is the movement of phagocytes according to the secretion of chemical messengers in the form of interleukins and other chemokines. By what means does a phagocyte destroy a bacterium that it has ingested?

Phagocytes contain lysosomes that have hydrolytic enzymes which can digest any foreign particle entering the body. The bacteria is internalized in a vesicle, which fuses with the lysosome. The bacteria is digested by these enzymes.

Immunity can be acquired in an active or passive way, and it can be natural or artificial.What is an example of natural immunity acquired passively?

Breastfeeding is an example of a natural immunity that is acquired passively by the baby.

The mothers milk also know as the colostrum milk is rich in proteins, carbs, and certain antibodies that are transferred to the feeding baby. This is known as the natural immunity as it comes from a natural source and acquired from the mother passively.

Which of the following cells is phagocytic?

plasma cell

macrophage

B cell

NK cell

A: Macrophage

Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream?

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

right lymphatic trunk

left lymphatic trunk

A: Thoracic duct

The lymph fluid from the lower right limb enters the bloodstream through the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is a large duct that drains the lymph from the lower limbs, left thorax, left upper limb and the left side of the head.

Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response?

B cells

T cells

macrophages

plasma cells

A: Macrophages

Innate immunity is the immunity present in the body naturally due to genetics or physiology. it does not require antigens for its production

Macrophages are a type of phagocytic cell present in the blood stream

Which of the following cells would be most active in early, antiviral immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen?

macrophage

T cell

neutrophil

natural killer cell

Natural Killer Cell

Natural killer cells are the first to respond to a cell infected by viruses. granzymes released by natural killer cells enters into the cells through pores formed by perforins, another protein released by natural killer cells and causes apoptosis (cell death)

Which of the lymphoid nodules is most likely to see food antigens first?

tonsils

Peyer's patches

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Tonsils

Tonsils are present in the throat and are the first lymphoid nodules to be exposed to any antigen entering inside the body by food.

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Which of the following signs is not characteristic of inflammation?

redness

pain

cold

swelling

Cold

the inflated area becomes a little hot with the proper functioning immune cells to reduce the metabolic activity of the antigen causing inflammation.

Which of the following is not important in the antiviral innate immune response?

interferons

natural killer cells

complement

microphages

Microphage

unlike MACROPHAGES , microphages are organisms or cells that engulf the antigens in bulk instead of degrading one at a time. They are not involved in viral immune response

Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called ________.

endocytosis

opsonization

anaphylaxis

complement activation

Opsonization

Opsonization is a process by which small molecules knows as opson binds to the membrane of a pathogen and marks it for phagocytosis to the immune cells

Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation?

increased vascular permeability

anaphylactic shock

increased blood flow

complement activation

Increased Blood Flow

Blood flow increases to the site of the infection to harbor more immune cells and carry the dead cells and debris from the site of infection to clear the site for the immune response. This leads to the redness of the area due to increased concentration of blood

T cells that secrete cytokines that help antibody responses are called ________.

Th1

Th2

regulatory T cells

thymocytes

Th2

Th2 cells are helper cells that secrete cytokines that activate the B-cells to produce antibodies.

( Th1 are a type of t-helper cell that secrete cytokines, which activates the macrophages and other T-Cells)

The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________.

antigen presentation

antigen processing

endocytosis

exocytosis

Antigen Processing

antigens are recognized by T cells only after being processed followed by their attachment to the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins on the cell surface. Thus antigen processing followed by antigen presentation enables antigen recognition

Why is clonal expansion so important?

to select for specific cells

to secrete cytokines

to kill target cells

to increase the numbers of specific cells

To increase the number of specific cells

the immune system is a series of responses that take place at their specific time from the start of a process of producing killers cells to the end i.e killing target cells. from this series , clonal expansion is the process of increase in the number of daughter cells from a single cell taking place to act against infection occurring in our body.

The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called ________.

positive selection.

negative selection.

tolerance.

clonal selection.

Negative selection

self reactive T cells are eliminated via thymocyte apoptosis and are removed by thymic phagocytes.

negative selection is the process of selecting and deleting B cells and T cells that recognize MHC molecules bound to peptides of self origin.

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Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses?

Th1

Th2

cytotoxic T cells

regulatory T cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

- are the most potential cells, they attack and kill every which is infected with any kind of pathogen. They kill cancerous cells, damaged cells, and any cell that is infected, particularly by viruses

they are t-cell receptor bearer cells that bind to antigen specific to the receptor and attacks and kills them

Removing functionality from a B cell without killing it is called ________.

clonal selection

clonal expansion

clonal deletion

clonal anergy

Clonal energy

- is the process of making the B cell ineffective without physically deleting them. It makes the clone of B cells unable to mount an immune response

Which class of antibody crosses the placenta in pregnant women?

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgG

IgG

is an antibody which removes pathogens from the blood and activates complement protein. It crosses the placenta to protect the developing fetus from diseases present in the blood and interstitial fluid to fight extra cellular pathogen

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Which class of antibody has no known function other than as an antigen receptor?

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgD

IgD

is a class of antibody which also acts as an antigen receptor of a B cell but no other non-receptor function is known for this antibody

When does class switching occur?

primary response

secondary response

tolerance

memory response

Primary response

Class switching occurs when the primary response proceeds change of one class of antibody to another class of antibody is known as class switching. the specificity and the antigen binding sites to the pathogens remains the same

Which class of antibody is found in mucus?

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgD

IgA

is a class of antibody which exists in two forms. One is a four chain monomer , which is present in the blood and other is an eight chain structure or dimer, in the exocrine gland secretions of the mucous membranes including, mucus, tears, and saliva.

Which enzymes in macrophages are important for clearing intracellular bacteria?

metabolic

mitochondrial

nuclear

lysosomal

Lysosomal

Lysosomal enzymes present in the macrophages are important for clearing intracellular bacteria. They are derived from the golgi apparatus which destroy intracellular bacteria

What type of chronic lung disease is caused by a Mycobacterium?

asthma

emphysema

tuberculosis

leprosy

Tuberculosis

Which type of immune response is most directly effective against bacteria?

natural killer cells

complement

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells

Complement

complement is a system of plasma proteins which is activated directly or indirectly by a pathogen bound anti body that leads reactions that occur on the surface of pathogens and generates active components with many effective functions

What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year?

the vaccine is only protective for a year

mutation

macrophage oxidative metabolism

memory response

Mutation

Due to the mutation viruses' surface molecules continuously enough each year that the flue vaccine for one year may not protect against flu the next year

Which type of immune response works in concert with cytotoxic T cells against virally infected cells?

natural killer cells

complement

antibodies

memory

Natural killer cells

- can recognize virally infected without MHC class I cells in concert with cytotoxic t cells

Which type of hypersensitivity involves soluble antigen-antibody complexes?

type I

type II

type III

type IV

Type III

- hypersensitivity reactions occur with disease where soluble antigens and antibodies accumulate in the blood can activate complement proteins and cause inflammation

What causes the delay in delayed hypersensitivity?

inflammation

cytokine release

recruitment of immune cells

histamine release

Recruitment of immune cells

The time took which is 24-72 hours for the recruitment of phagocytes such as macrophage for secondary response is the reason for the delay in delayed hypersensitivity

Which of the following is a critical feature of immediate hypersensitivity?

inflammation

cytotoxic T cells

recruitment of immune cells

histamine release

Histamine release

immediate hypersensitivity response is the binding of allergen specific IgE to the mast cell surface

The mast cells release histamine which is an inflammatory mediator

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease of the heart?

rheumatoid arthritis

lupus

rheumatic fever

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Rheumatic fever

an infection of streptococcus bacteria causes strep throat. As a result of this infection rheumatic fever is caused which is an autoimmune disease involving the heart.

What drug is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock?

epinephrine

antihistamines

antibiotics

aspirin

Epinephrine

raises blood pressue and relaxes bronchial smooth muscle. it is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock

Which of the following terms means "many genes"?

polymorphism

polygeny

polypeptide

multiple alleles

Polygeny

- refers to many genes. It means living organisms originated from many kinds of cells and not from a single cell.

Why do we have natural antibodies?

We don't know why.

immunity to environmental bacteria

immunity to transplants

from clonal selection

Immunity to environmental bacteria

natural antibodies are immunoglobulin protein which provides immunity against environmental bacterial

Which type of cancer is associated with HIV disease?

Kaposi's sarcoma

melanoma

lymphoma

renal cell carcinoma

Kaposi's sarcoma

- its a cancer caused by the human herpes virus. it is never seen in individuals having a strong immune system

How does cyclosporine A work?

suppresses antibodies

suppresses T cells

suppresses macrophages

suppresses neutrophils

Suppresses T cells

Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressive drug which suppresses the cytotoxic T cells and makes transplant more successful

What disease is associated with bone marrow transplants?

diabetes mellitus type I

melanoma

headache

graft-versus-host disease

graft versus host disease

- is associated with bone marrow transplant. A rash and damage to the liver and mucose are the symptoms of this disease

Thrombin activates platelets. T/F?

True

One molecule of factor 10a leads to the formation of 1,000 molecules of thrombin. T/F?

True