AP Chemistry Chapter 1&2

Distillation

Boiling Points (when two things have different boiling points, use)

Extraction

Solubility (separating solute from solution/mixture)

Filtration

Size (Insoluble solid form a liquid)

Chromatography

Affinity/Attraction (Homogenous mixture of dissolved substances)

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1

Elements are made with atoms

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 2

All atoms of same element are the same

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 3

Different atoms from different elements are different

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 4

Certain atoms can combine

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 5

No creation/destruction of atoms (law of conservation of mass)

JJ Thomson

Theorized positive charge → discovered electron

Ernest

Shot alpha particles through gold foils → few large deflections → atoms are mostly space and center of positive charge

Constant Composition

Molecules/Compounds constantly have the same composition

F Boiling Pt

212

F Freezing Pt

32

C Boiling Pt

100

C Freezing Pt

0

K Boiling Pt

373

K Freezing Pt

273

(A/Z)X — X

Chemical Symbol

(A/Z)X — A

Mass Number

(A/Z)X — Z

Atomic Number

Group 1

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals Charge

+1

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2

Alkaline Earth Metals Charge

+2

Transition Metals

Group 3-12

Transition Metals Charge

Unknown

Boron Group

Group 13

Boron Group Charge

+3

Carbon Group

Group 14

Carbon Group Charge

±4

Pnictogens Group

Group 15

Pnictogens Group Charge

-3

Chalcogens Group

Group 16

Chalcogens Group Charge

-2

Halogens Group

Group 17

Halogens Group Charge

-1

Noble Gases Group

18

Noble Gases Group Charge

0