INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

[Immune System] The central problem that the immune system deals with is

invasion by pathogens (microbial or environmental)

[Immune System] It must eliminate the pathogens with the help of the _

lymphatic system.

[Immune System] The task of the immune system is to distinguish _

self from non-self.

[Immune System] In response to pathogens, vertebrate immune systems use two interconnected systems:

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Minutes to Hours

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Limited and Fixed

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Same Each Time

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Barriers; Phagocytes; Pattern Recognition Molecules

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Days

Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Highly Diverse; Adapts to improve during the course of immune response

Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: More rapid and effective with each subsequent response

Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: T and B lymphocytes ; antigen-specific receptors; antibodies

Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Delayed response to specific antigen

Adaptive Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Immediate response to wide array of substances

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] Determine if the system being described is adaptive or innate: Cells, Chemicals, and Physiologic Responses

Innate Immunity

[Immune System] What do you call the set of lymphoid organs where cells are grown?

Primary

[Immune System] What do you call the set of lymphoid organs that serves as sites for development and maturation

Secondary

[Immune System] What are the primary lymphoid organs

The bone marrow and the thymus

[Immune System] What are the secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen, Lymph nodes, Tonsils, Adenoids, and MALT

[Lymphatic System] Fluid leaks out of blood capillaries due to _

higher pressure within the vessels.

[Lymphatic System] This fluid, now called lymph, cannot simply diffuse back into the bloodstream due to the _

pressure gradient

[Lymphatic System] The lymphatic system is responsible for recovering what

Lymph

[Lymphatic System] Lymph is picked up by _

tiny capillary sinuses, which merge to form larger lymphatic vessels and eventually ducts.

[Lymphatic System] The lymphatic ducts ultimately return the filtered fluid back into the _

bloodstream, specifically into the subclavian veins.

[Lymphatic System] The movement of lymph within the vessels is primarily driven by the _

contraction and relaxation of surrounding skeletal muscles

[Lymphatic System] _ strategically positioned along the lymphatic vessels act as crucial filtration centers.

Lymph nodes

[Lymphatic System] These nodes are densely packed with leukocytes, including lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but notably lack granulocytes.

Lymph nodes

[Lymphatic System] _ effectively screen for pathogens, initiating immune responses when necessary.

Lymph nodes

[Lymphatic System] Protective chemicals inhibit or destroy microorganisms

Surface Barriers

[Lymphatic System] What are the modifications for the respiratory system

Mucus-coated hairs in nose and Cilia of upper respiratory tract

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Anti-microbial peptides, fatty acids in sebum

Skin

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Enzymes, Anti-Microbial Peptides, and Sweeping of the surface by directional flow of fluid towards the stomach

Mouth and upper alimentary canal

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Low pH, digestive enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, fluid flow to large intestine

Small intestine

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Normal intestinal flora compete with invading microbes, fluid/feces expelled from rectum

Large intestine

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Cilia sweep mucus outward, coughing, sneezing, expell mucus, macrophages in alveoli of lungs

Airway and lungs

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Flushing by urine, aggregation by urinary mucins; low pH, anti-microbial peprtides, proteins in vaginal secretions

Urogenital tracts

[Innate Immune Response] What epithelial barrier's innate mechanism is being described Flushing by secretions; anti-microbial peptides and proteins

Salivary, lacrimal, and mammary glands

[Innate Immune Response] What barriers to infection is being described Tight junctions of epithelial cells form a physical barrier.

Mechanical

[Innate Immune Response] What barriers to infection is being described Antibacterial peptides, enzymes, and low pH environment

Biochemical

[Innate Immune Response] What barriers to infection is being described Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural Killer cells (NK), Dendritic cells

Cellular

[Innate Immune Response] What are necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues

Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Fever, Inflammatory Response

[Innate Immune Response] What are the major cells of the innate immune response

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells

[Innate Immune Response] What are the big headers/Always Hungry

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

[Innate Immune Response] What are the antigen presenting cells

Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

[Innate Immune Response] What is the cell type being described Function: Phagocytosis

Neutrophils

[Innate Immune Response] What is the cell type being described Function: Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

[Innate Immune Response] What is the cell type being described Function: Lysis of viral-infected cells

Natural Killer Cells

[Phagocytes] most abundant but die fighting, they become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

Neutrophils

[Phagocytes] develop from monocytes – chief phagocytic cells – robust cells

Macrophages

[Phagocytes] What type of macrophage wander through tissue spaces

Free macrophages

[Phagocytes] What type of macrophage are permanent residents of some organs

Fixed macrophages

[Phagocytes] Describe the step for the general mechanism for phagocytosis Step 1

Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris

[Phagocytes] Describe the step for the general mechanism for phagocytosis Step 2

Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles, forming a phagosome

[Phagocytes] Describe the step for the general mechanism for phagocytosis Step 3

Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome.

[Phagocytes] Describe the step for the general mechanism for phagocytosis Step 4

Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving a residual body.

[Phagocytes] Describe the step for the general mechanism for phagocytosis Step 5

Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material.

[Innate Immune System Cells] Nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

[Innate Immune System Cells] Natural Killer (NK) Cells attack cells that lack _

"""self"" cell-surface receptors"

[Innate Immune System Cells] Natural Killer (NK) Cells • Induce _ in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

apoptosis

[Innate Immune System Cells] Natural Killer (NK) Cells Secrete potent chemicals that _

enhance inflammatory response

[Inflammatory Response] Triggered whenever _

body tissues injured

[Inflammatory Response] Prevents spread of _

damaging agents

[Inflammatory Response] Disposes of _

cell debris and pathogens

[Inflammatory Response] Alerts _

adaptive immune system

[Inflammatory Response] Sets the stage for _

repair

[Inflammatory Response: Edema (Swelling)] Increased Capillary permeability causes _

Exudate (containing clotting factors and antibodies) is released to the tissues

[Inflammatory Response: Edema (Swelling)] The release of exudate causes what

local swelling (edema)

[Inflammatory Response: Edema (Swelling)] How does local swelling (edema) cause pain?

This swelling can press on nerve endings, leading to pain. Other pain contributors include bacterial toxins, prostaglandins, and kinins.

[Inflammatory Response: Edema (Swelling)] How does local swelling (edema) interact with the lymphatic vessels

Transport foreign material

[Inflammatory Response: Edema (Swelling)] What does local swelling (edema) deliver

Clotting and complement proteins

[Inflammatory Response] What do clotting factors form

Fibrin Mesh

[Inflammatory Response] What is the purpose of fibrin mesh

Acts as scaffold for repair and it isolates injured areas so invaders cannot spread

[Phagocyte Mobilization] Phagocyte Mobilization is lead by _, which are followed by _

neutrophils; macrophages

[Phagocyte Mobilization] What are the 3 local mediators in inflammation

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes

[Phagocyte Mobilization] The 3 local mediators in inflammationare derived from

Arachidonic Acid

[Phagocyte Mobilization] What local mediator is being described: Heat in Fevers

Prostaglandins

[Phagocyte Mobilization] What local mediator is being described: Relases leukocytes

Leukotriences

[Phagocyte Mobilization] What local mediator is being described: Blood Clotting Factors

Thromboxanes

[Phagocyte Mobilization] What could potentially follow if the inflammation is due to pathogens

complement activated; adaptive immunity elements arrive

"[Phagocyte Mobilization] These ""late-arrivers"" replace dying neutrophils and remain for clean up prior to repair"

macrophages

[Innate to Internal Defence] What are the 4 Major Steps

Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis

[Innate to Internal Defence] What are the Step is being described Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

Leukocytosis

[Innate to Internal Defence] What are the Step is being described Neutrophils cling to capillary wall; Adherence

Margination

[Innate to Internal Defence] What are the Step is being described Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries; Traversal out of the wall

Diapedesis

[Innate to Internal Defence] What are the Step is being described Neutrophils follow chemical trail (histamins, adaptive immunity stuff, complement proteins)

Diapedesis

[Innate to Internal Defence] Diapedesis occurs due to?

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

[Innate to Internal Defence] Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are utilized during inflammation to

Induce migration

[Innate Defence] Include interferons and complement proteins

Antimicrobial Proteins

[Innate Defence] Some attack or hinder microorganisms' ability to reproduce

Antimicrobial Proteins

[Innate Defence] Family of immune modulating proteins that have slightly different physiological effects

Interferons

"[Interferons] Viral-infected cells secrete what type of IFNs to ""warn"" neighboring cells"

IFN alpha and beta

[Interferons] IFN alpha and beta also activate _

NK cells

[Interferons] What happens when IFNs enter neighboring cells

produce proteins that block viral reproduction and degrade viral RNA

[Interferons] What IFN is known as the immune interferon

IFN gamma

[Interferons] IFN gamma is Secreted by

lymphocytes

[Interferons] IFN gamma has Widespread

immune mobilizing effects

[Interferons] IFN gamma Activates _

macrophages

[Interferons] Their primary role is to interfere with viral replication within host cells.

Interferons

[Innate System] ~20 blood proteins (that directly kills cells/engulfs bacteria) that circulate in inactive form

Complement System (Complement)

[Complement System (Complement)] Complement System (Complement) is made up of 3 major things, what are they

Include C1–C9, factors B, D, and P, and regulatory proteins