Anatomy Subdivisions and Imaging Techniques: Key Concepts for Students

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic, developmental, pathological, radiographic

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Regional Anatomy

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Systemic Anatomy

study of the body by systems

Surface Anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

1. Cytology

2. Histology

Pathological Anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic Anatomy`

study of internal structures visualizd by X Ray and such things

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

What type of energy does an X-ray use?

Light energy

What happens to X-rays when they travel through the body?

They can be blocked by dense materials, appearing white on the image

- used to see bones, breast tumors

What type of energy does a computerized tomography scan use?

Uses light energy

What happens during a CT scan?

it is basically a series of X Ray images (layered)

- used for nervous tissue and joint structure

What gas do patients inhale during a Xenon CT scan?

Xenon gas

How does Xenon gas travel in the body after inhalation?

It gets into the lungs, then the bloodstream, and is absorbed by the rest of the body.

What type of medium is used in a Xenon CT scan?

A radioactive gas

What color indicates higher activity in a Xenon CT scan?

Red

What color indicates lower activity in a Xenon CT scan?

Blue

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction

3-D version of CT using multiple slices (uses light energy)

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

- injection of an X Ray absorbing contrast agent

- a picture is taken before and after the injections

- the layers are removed and only the blood vessels

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

- uses gamma rays

- Metabolically active tissue changes color

What form of energy is used during an ultrasound?

sound energy

How does an ultrasound work?

- uses high frequency sound waves that echo off of the body's tissues

- the device used is into the body and picks up sound energy

- best used for abdomen and pelvic disorders

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- uses electromagnetic field and radio wvaes to image the location of hydrogen atoms in the body

- moist tissues take positively charged ions and put them into alignment and take the picture

What parts of the body are MRIs best used for?

soft tissue (brain, spinl cord, and nerves)

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

- enhanced MRI

- looks at the ionic composition of what the MRI captured

M2A Scan (Mouth-to-Anus)

- tiny digital camera that you swallow

- sends pictures to a reciever and puts them on a SD card

- best used for Upper digestive track because stomach acid will destroy the camera

What are the neccessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that build up molecules, requiring energy.

What are the survival needs of the body?

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

- internal balance

- more like an equillibrium

- almost like a range

Stress

stimulus causing an imbalance in either the external or internal environment

What helps the body maintain homeostasis?

Feedback Systems

Positive Feedback System

enhances an initial in the condition in the body

- child birth and sexual arousal

Negative Feedback System

reverses an initial in the condition in the body

Afferent Pathway

Pathway of receptor to control center

Efferent Pathway

Pathway of control center to effector

What are the parts of the feedback system?

receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

responds to the stimuli which is sent down an afferent pathway

Control Center

determines the set point and then determines the appropriate response; sends the information down an efferent pathwy

Effector

carries out the control center's response to the stimuli; feedback either enhances or reverses the response