Midterm 1 - Physical Education

What is physical activity

any movement of the body produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure

What is an example of physical activity?

walking to class, cleaning the house, dancing, and exercising

Adapted physical activity (APA)

encompasses the comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of physical activity for the education, wellness, sport participation and leisure of individuals with unique needs 

What does adapted mean

to adjust or to fix

What are modifications of adapted physical activity ?

equipment, task criteria, instructions, physical environments, social environments and rules

What is physical education (PE)

development of physical and motor fitness, fundamental motor skills and patterns and skills in aquatics, dance and individuals and group games and sports

What is Adapted physical education (APE)

an individualized program including physical and motor fitness, fundamental motor skills and patterns, skills in aquatics and dance and individual group games and sports designed to meet the unique needs of individuals 

Who used APE

students with long term needs (more than 30 days) and children with disabilities under federal legislation or unique needs who demonstrate a need for specially designed program

Who are children with disabilities

intellectual disability, hearing impairment, speech or language impairment, visual impairment, serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, learning disability, dear blindness or multiple disabilities

How many categories are there of disabilities 

13

Specific learning disability (SLD)

covers a wide range of learning challenges, include differences that make it hard to read, write, listen, speak, reason or do math, the most common category

Speech or language impairment

this is the second most common category in special education, a lot of kids have IEPs for speech impediments, example include lisping and stuttering

Other health impairment

it covers a wide range of conditions that may limit a child’s strength, energy or alertness, one example is ADHD, many kids who qualify for an IEP under this category have attention deficits 

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

is a common developmental disability, it affects social and communication skills, can also impact behavior

Intellectual Disability

category covers below-average intellectual ability, kids with down syndrome often qualify for special education under this category

Emotional disturbance 

covers mental health issues, examples include anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder and oppositional defiant disorder 

Develepmental delay

can be used for young kids who are late in meeting developmental milestones like walking and talking, it cant be used after age 9

Multiple disabilities

many kids have more than one disability such as ADHD and autism, but this category is only used when the combination of disabilities requires a highly specialized approach, such as intellectual disability and blindness

Hearing impairment, including deafness

includes a range of hearing issues that can be permanent or that can change over time 

Orthopedic impairment

covers issues with bones, joints and muscles, example is cerebral palsy

Visual impairment, including blindness

covers a range of vision problems, including partial sight and blindess, but if eyewear can correct a vision problem then a child wouldn’t qualify for special education under this category

Traumatic brain injury

covers brain injuries that happen at some point after a child is born, these can be caused by things like being shaken as a baby or hitting your head in an accident 

Deaf-blindness

covers kids with severe hearing and vision loss, their communication challenges are so unique that programs for just the deaf or blind can’t meet their needs

What are some benefits of APA and APE

improve likelihood of employment, improve quality of life, improve concentration, planning, leadership and social skills, increase physical activity, increase independence, improve self esteem, self awareness and confidence

Why do we have laws in place for APE and APA?

regulate professionals roles, administer programs related to APE related program, tremendous influence on the life of PWD, advocacy for more inclusive fitness and exercise programs 

Legislations related to APE and APA

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Olympic and Amateur Sports Act and Americans with Disabilities Act

Legislations - Sections 504

this is a civil rights law, it says that any program or school that gets federal money cannot discriminate against people with disabilities

Related services (IDEA)

early identification and assessment of disabilities, early identification and assessment disabilities, counseling services, orientation and mobility services, school health services, social work services in school, parent counseling and training

IDEA (1990)

is a special education law, guarantees that students with disabilities have the right to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE), it created IEPs for students who qualify

IDEA (2004)

updated version of IDEA, it added more accountability, schools must use research based practices, involves parents more and track student progress better, it also aligned with special education with no child left behind to make sure students disabilities are included in testing and achievement goals 

What is no child left behind (NCLB)

a federal law passed in 2001 under President George W. Bush with the goal to improve schools by holding them accountable for student test scores

ADA

this is the most famous disability rights law, it bands discrimination against people with disabilties in all areas of public life, jobs, schools, transportation, public places, sports and recreation

What is inclusion?

providing equal opportunities for participation in education, physical activity, exercise and sport, creating environments where all individuals with and without disabilities learn, play and grow together

What are implications for students with disabilities

access to physical activity, health benefits and social connections, enhances self-confidence and independence, reduces isolation and stigma, requires individualized supports and accommodations

What are strategies for inclusion

use universal design for learning (UDL), adapted equipment, modify rules, or activities, pair students in peer-learning systems for support

What is integration

placing students with disabilities in the same space as others, often without meaningful adaptation or participation.

What is inclusion

ensuring students are not only present, but also actively engaged, valued, and experiencing belonging.

What is the least restrictive environment (LRE)

means that students with disabilities should be educated with their peers without disabilities to the greatest extent possible

Lack of teacher preparation

many general education teachers including PE teachers feel they haven’t had enough training in adapted strategies or disability awareness. this can make them nervous or unsure about how to meet diverse needs 

Limited resources and support

schools may lack adapted equipment, aides, peer support systems, or enough time to plan lessons with special education staff. without these, inclusions can feel overwhelming or ineffective

Large class size

in crowded PE or classroom settings, teachers may struggle to give individual attention which makes meaningful inclusion harder to achieve

Negative attitudes or misconceptions

sometimes teachers, peers or even parents believe that students with disabilities “don’t belong” in general education, or they underestimate what those students do, these attitudes create barriers to inclusion 

What is modification

adjusting rules, equipment, space or instructions so everyone can participate, focus is on access and meaningful engagement not lowering expectations

Why modify activities

to create a safe and fair environment for diverse abilities, encourages participation, confidence, and motivation, supports the principle of least restrictive environment

What are examples of modifications

equipment, rules, space, instruction 

Equipment modification

larger, lighter, or textured balls, auditory balls with bells

Rules modification

allow extra bounces, shorten playing time, rotate roles

Space modification

use smaller courts, closer targets, or tactile boundaries

Instruction modifications

provide visual cues, peer buddies or task cards

What is an IEP

individualized education program, a legal document under the IDEA created for students who qualify for special education services

Purpose of an IEP

identify the students unique learning needs, set measurable annual goals, specify services, accommodations, and modifications the school will provide 

what are the key componenets of an IEP

present levels of performance, annual goals, related services, accommodations and modifications, least restrictive environment

Who is involved in the IEP team?

you, a professional working directly or indirectly with the student, the parents, general education teacher, representative of the school, anyone invited by the parents, the student when appropriate

Why IEPs matter especially for PE

ensures equity and access for students with disabilities, guides teachers on how to include the student in PE and sports safely and successfully, provides legal protection for students and schools 

What are the learning outcomes

performance, condition and criteria

What is performance

the statement should contain an action verb, avoids verb that can not be pictured (ex, know, learn, understand and respect)

Conditions or situations

identify the conditions that will impact the performance, avoid using “false” conditions, the conditions will typically change the difficulty of the performance 

A sample of condtions

standing behind the free throw line from behind the baseline, after receiving a pass, perform a layup

Criterion

can be used to described in terms of accuracy, productivity level, time and degree of excellence

The steps for 3 measurable learning outcomes

1. identify a sport, activity, game, task 2. find a action verb for your performance statement 3. include situations, settings, or conditions that will direct the activity 4. specify the required level of quality of performance 

behavior management

is the process of using stratgies, systems and supports to guide students actions

What is a reactive apparoach

responding after challenging behavior occurs, the focus is on stopping or correcting behavior, examples spending a student out of class after disruption

Advantages of reactive approach

quick response to safety concerns and sometimes necessary in crisis situations

Limitations of reactive approach

does not teach replacement behaviors, can escalate student frustration or anxiety, and often addresses symptoms not the root cause

What is a proactive approach

preventing problem behaviors by planning ahead, the focus is on creating supportive environments and teaching positive skills. example - setting clear expectations and routines

Advantages of proactive approach

builds consistency and predictability and promotes student independence

Limitations of proactive approach

requires significant planning, preparation and consistency to put supports and routines in place, may require extra materials, staff training, and collaboration with specialists 

What is applied behavior analysis approach (ABA)

a scientific approach to understanding and improving behavior by applying principles of learning and reinforcement, the goal is to increase desirable behaviors and reduce challenging behaviors through systematic observation, measurement and intervention

What is a stimulus

any event or object in the environment that can affect behavior, example- a coach instruction (please sit down)

What is reinforcement 

any consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will happen again 

Positive reinforcement

adding something pleasant after a behavior to increase it

Negative reinforcement

removing something unpleasant after a behavior to increase it

example of positive reinforcement  

coach gives praise (great hustle) after a player drives for the ball so the player hustles more 

Example of negative reinforcement

player who finishes drills with perfect form is excused from extra conditioning which improves from more often

Punishment

any consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur again

Positive punishment 

adding something unpleasant after the behavior 

Negative punishment

taking away something pleasant after the behavior

example of positive punishment

coach assigns extra sprints for talking during team meeting which makes the talking decrease

example of negative punishment 

athlete loses playing time after missing practice which makes them not miss practice again

Self-awareness

recognizing ones own emotions, thoughts and values and how they influence behavior

self management

regulating emotions, thoughts and behaviors in different situations

social awareness

understanding and empathizing with others perspectives including those from diverse backgrounds

relationship skills

building healthy, supportive relationships and working collaboratively

Responsible decision making

making caring, constructive choices about personal and social behavior

How SEL supports behavior management 

proactive approach, positive classroom culture, skill replacement, inclusive practices 

Instructional strategies 

methods, techniques, and approaches teachers use to facilitate learning. They provide a structured way to deliver content, engage students and help them achieve learning objectives 

Instructional strategies for APE

especially important because they ensure that all students regardless of ability can access, participate in and ebenfit from physical education activities

meeting individual differences definition

adapting teaching to meet students unique needs, abilities and learning styles

Examples of meeting individual differences

offering multiple ways to complete a task like underhand toss vs overhand throw

Universal Design for learning (UDL)

proactive framework for designing lessons that work for all learners from the start

What are the three major principles

flexible means of engagement, multiple means of representation, and multiple means of action and expression

Flexible means of engagement

motivate and sustain interest

Multiple means of engagement 

present info in different ways 

Multiple means of action and expression

;et students show learning in various ways

examples of universal design learning (UDL)

teaching basketball by combining verbal explanation, visual diagrams and hands on practice

Differentiated instruction

tailoring instruction to accommodate different readiness levels, interests, strengths and learning profiles 

Example of differentiated instruction

grouping students by skill level for practice stations and offering choice between two locomotor activities

Assistive technology

devices or tools that help the students access the curriculum and participate fully

Examples of assistive technology

beeper balls for goatball or kickball, visual timers for students who need structured time cues, wheelchair sports equipment

teacher-mediated

teacher delivers instruction directly (demonstrations, lectures)