Fluid, Electrolyte, Immune, and Respiratory System: Key Concepts for Health Students

Where does most edema occur?

Interstitial fluid

What happens when high Na⁺ is outside the cell?

Water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks.

What happens when low Na⁺ is outside the cell?

Water moves into the cell and the cell swells.

What is the main job of ADH?

Retains water (increases water reabsorption).

What is the main job of Aldosterone?

Retains sodium and excretes potassium.

What is the main job of ANP?

Eliminates sodium and water.

What does water follow?

Sodium.

What does Lasix cause sodium to do?

Be excreted.

What happens to water after sodium is excreted?

It follows out.

What is the effect on blood volume after Lasix?

Decreases.

What is the effect on edema after Lasix?

Decreases.

What is the difference between hyponatremia and hypernatremia?

Low sodium vs high sodium.

What is the difference between hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

Low potassium vs high potassium.

What is the difference between ADH and Aldosterone?

Water retention vs sodium retention.

What is the difference between Aldosterone and ANP?

Retains sodium vs removes sodium.

What is the difference between cellular swelling and edema?

Inside cells vs between cells.

What is the effect of low potassium on the electrical system?

Less excitable.

What is the effect of high potassium?

More excitable (dangerous arrhythmias).

What is the major intracellular cation?

Potassium.

Why does hyponatremia cause neurological symptoms?

Brain cells swell.

Why does hypernatremia shrink cells?

Water leaves cells.

Why does edema cause swelling?

Fluid accumulates in interstitial space.

Why does pulmonary edema impair gas exchange?

Fluid blocks oxygen diffusion.

What happens if sodium increases?

Cells shrink.

What happens if sodium decreases?

Cells swell.

What happens if potassium decreases?

Weak muscle contractions/arrhythmias.

What happens if potassium increases?

Dangerous arrhythmias.

What happens if albumin decreases?

Edema (low oncotic pressure).

What happens if lymphatic drainage is blocked?

Edema.

Where does fluid enter in heart failure?

Interstitial space.

What happens if lungs are affected in heart failure?

Pulmonary edema.

What happens when ADH increases?

Blood volume increases.

What happens when Aldosterone increases?

Blood volume increases.

What happens when ANP increases?

Blood volume decreases.

What does kidney failure cause?

Electrolyte imbalance.

What does heart failure cause?

Edema.

What does respiratory disease affect?

Blood pH.

What do diuretics change?

Fluid and electrolytes.

What is the brain sensitive to?

Sodium levels.