Mediastinum: Part 1

What is the pericardium?

The sac surrounding the heart and beginning of great vessels

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Fibrous and serous pericardium

What is the name of the cavity between the 2 layers of serous pericardium?

Pericardial cavity

What are the layers of serous pericardium?

Visceral (epicardium) and parietal

What innervates the pericardium?

Phrenic nerve

What supplies the pericardium?

Percardiaophrenic artery and pericardial branches from the aorta

What is pericarditis?

Inflammation of the pericardium

What is pericardial effusion?

Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity

What is cardiac tamponade?

Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity that compresses the heart

What is Beck’s triad?

Trio of symptoms of cardiac tamponade. Hypotension, jugular venous distention, and muffled heart sound

What is pericardiocentesis?

Fluid drainage from the pericardial cavity through the 5th ICS

What are the two pericardial sinuses?

Oblique and transverse

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

Reflection of the parietal layer into visceral layer around the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava

What is the transverse parietal sinus?

A passage within the pericardial cavity between the aorta and pulmonary arteries and the superior vena cava

What is indicated by A?

Aortic arch

What is indicated by B?

Superior vena cava

What is indicated by C?

Ascending aorta

What is indicated by D?

Right auricle

What is indicated by E?

Right atrium

What is indicated by F?

Coronary sulcus

What is indicated by G?

Right ventricle

What is indicated by H?

Inferior vena cava

What is indicated by I?

Left pulmonary veins

What is indicated by J?

Pulmonary trunk

What is indicated by K?

Anterior interventricular sulcus

What is indicated by L?

Left ventricle

What is indicated by M?

Cardiac apex

Where is the coronary sulcus located?

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the anterior interventricular sulcus?

Between right and left ventricles

What are auricles?

“ear-like” structures associated with both atria

What is indicated by A?

Left common carotid artery

What is indicated by B?

Left subclavian artery

What is indicated by C?

Brachiocephalic trunk

What is indicated by D?

Aortic arch

What is indicated by E?

Superior vena cava

What is indicated by F?

Right pulmonary artery

What is indicated by G?

Left pulmonary artery

What is indicated by H?

Left pulmonary veins

What is indicated by I?

Left auricle

What is indicated by J?

Right pulmonary veins

What is indicated by K?

Left atrium

What is indicated by L?

Right atrium

What is indicated by M?

Left ventricle

What is indicated by N?

Coronary sulcus

What is indicated by O?

Inferior vena cava

What is indicated by A?

Superior vena cava

What is indicated by B?

Pectinate muscles

What is indicated by C?

Border of oval fossa

What is indicated by D?

Interatrial septum

What is indicated by E?

Oval fossa

What is indicated by F?

Crista terminalis

What is indicated by G?

Valve of coronary sinus

What is indicated by H?

Inferior vena cava and valve

What is indicated by J?

Sinus venarum

What is indicated by K?

Opening of coronary sinus

What is indicated by L?

Right ventricle

What is indicated by A?

Foramen ovale

What is indicated by B?

Tricuspid valve

What is indicated by C?

Right ventricle

What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

Anterior, posterior, septal

What is indicated by A?

Superior vena cava

What is indicated by B?

Right auricle

What is indicated by C?

Right atrium

What is indicated by D?

Tricuspid valve

What is indicated by E?

Anterior cusp

What is indicated by F?

Septal cusp

What is indicated by G?

Posterior cusp

What is indicated by H?

Chordae tendineae

What is indicated by I?

Anterior papillary muscle

What is indicated by J?

Trabeculae carneae

What is indicated by K?

Posterior papillary muscle

What is indicated by L?

Arch of aorta

What is indicated by M?

Pulmonary trunk

What is indicated by N?

Left auricle

What is indicated by O?

Pulmonary valve

What is indicated by P?

Anterior semilunar cusp

What is indicated by Q?

Right semilunar cusp

What is indicated by R?

Left semilunar cusp

What is indicated by S?

Conus arteriosus

What is indicated by T?

Septal papillary muscle

What is indicated by U?

Septomarginal trabecula

Each papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve attaches to how many cusps?

2

What are the characteristics of the inflow wall of the right ventricle (trabeculae carneae)?

Irregular and muscular

What are the characteristics of the outflow wall of the right ventricle (conus arteriosus)?

Smooth

What does the left atrium receive?

Blood from the pulmonary veins

What is unique about the left auricle?

Has tubular muscular wall (pectinate muscles)

What is the other name for the bicuspid valve?

Mitral

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

3

What is the thickened edge of a cusp of a semilunar valve called?

Lunule

What occurs during diastole?

Venous return, AV valves open, ventricles relaxed, atria contract at end, semilunar valves are closed

What occurs during systole?

AV valves are closed, ventricle contract, semilunar valves are open

What is stenosis?

Narrowing of the valve’s opening, restricting the flow of blood

What is regurgitation?

Incomplete closure of the valve’s cusps causing the blood to leak back

What is considered the “pacemaker” of the heart?

SA node

What is the order of conduction in the heart?

SA → AV → AV bundle (of His) → Right and Left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

What is the anulus fibrosus?

Four fibrous rings encircling the heart openings and the valves

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

SA nodal branch, right marginal branch, AV nodal branch, posterior interventricular branch

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Anterior interventricular branch, diagonal branch, circumflex branch, and left marginal branch

Most cardiac veins drain into…?

The coronary sinus

What is indicated by A?

Right coronary artery