Gender Studies Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to gender studies, including definitions and significant terms.

Gender

Socially constructed characteristics and roles associated with being male or female.

base on internal identity

Sexual Orientation

Romantic and sexual attraction to men, women, both, or neither.

Cisgender

Individuals whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

Transgender

Individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned to them at birth.

Intersex

Combination of male and female reproductive organs or characteristics.

SOGIESC

Socially constructed characteristics of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics.

Testosterone

A hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics and reproductive functions.

Estrogen

A hormone that plays a key role in female reproductive health and the menstrual cycle.

Gender Stereotyping

Generalized beliefs about attributes and roles that men and women should possess.

Polyamorous

Engaging in multiple intimate relationships with the consent of all parties involved.

Domestic Violence

Abuse that occurs within the home, often involving spousal or child abuse.

Gender Pay Gap

The measure of wage disparity between men and women in the workforce.

Sapiosexual

Those attracted to others based on intelligence rather than sex or gender.

Gender Role

The role or behavior that society considers appropriate for individuals based on their gender.

Gender Fluid

A gender identity that can change over time or depending on the situation.

Agender

Individuals who do not identify with any gender.

GAD (Gender and Development)

A viewpoint acknowledging men and women’s unequal social status and conditions.

Gender Sensitivity

Awareness of gender issues and how they impact society, promoting equality.

Gender Inequality

Unequal treatment or perceptions based on an individual's gender.

Gender Expression

The way individuals express their gender identity through behavior, clothing, and appearance.

Sex Characteristics

Biological attributes such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs.

Monogamous

Involving a relationship exclusively between two partners.

Gendered Algorithms

Algorithms that reinforce gender biases by promoting content based on gender stereotypes.

THREE DETERMINANTS OF SEX

The three biological factors that determine an individual's sex, including chromosomes, hormones, and GONAD

HETEROSEXUAL

Attracted to individuals of the opposite sex.

HOMOSEXUAL

Attracted to individuals of the same sex.

BISEXUAL

Attracted to individuals of both opposite and same sex.

PANSEXUAL

Attracted to individuals regardless of their sex or gender identity.

ASEXUAL

Experiencing little or no sexual attraction to others.

GENDERQUEER

A non-binary identity that does not conform to traditional gender distinctions.

TRANSSEXUAL

A person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth and may seek medical intervention to transition.

MASCULINITY

The attributes, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with being male in a given culture.

FEMININITY

The attributes, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with being female in a given culture.

ANDROGYNOUS

A gender expression that blends both masculine and feminine traits, often challenging traditional gender norms.

SOGIE BILL

Legislation aimed at promoting and protecting the rights of individuals based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.

POLYGAMY

The practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously, often recognized in certain cultures and religions.

POLYANDRY

The practice of a woman having multiple husbands simultaneously, typically recognized in certain cultures.

WHAT ARE THE INSTITUTIONS OF MASS GENDER SOCIALIZATION

1. HOME - family and relatives

2. SCHOOL - teachers, classmates, school curriculum, programs.

3. CHURCH - religious scriptures and doctrine

4. MEDIA - how media perceives gender in contemporary times

5. GOVERNMENT - laws and policies protecting sexes and genders

6. WORK - how work treats both sexes and other genders

7. LANGUAGE - how language becomes dynamic, especially the existence of gay-lingo.

SEX ROLE

The behaviors, expectations, and activities culturally associated with being male or female, which often dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender.

MARGINALIZATION

The social process of pushing a group or concept to the edge of society, where they are relegated to a secondary position and often deprived of recognition, rights, or resources.

MULTIPLE BURDEN

The involvement in the three spheres of work-reproductive, productive, and community management and governance.

SUBORDINATION

The process by which a group or individual is placed in a lower or inferior position, often leading to inequality in power, resources, and social status.

VIOLENCE

Any act that instills fear and pain to injure or abuse a person

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY

A sociological perspective that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION APPROACH

More focused on how gender is part of day-to-day life

GENDER CONFLICT THEORY

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the struggle for power and resources between genders, highlighting inequalities and conflicts arising from these dynamics.

Nuclear Family

A family structure consisting of two parents and their children, often considered the traditional family unit in society.

Joint Family

A family structure that includes multiple generations living together, often with various relatives sharing a household and responsibilities.

. Extended Family

A family structure that extends beyond the nuclear family, including other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often providing support and resources.

Blended Family

A family structure formed when one or both partners in a relationship bring children from previous relationships into a new family unit, often involving step-siblings and step-parents.

Family by Choice

A family structure formed by individuals who choose to create familial bonds through friendship or shared experiences, rather than by biological or legal connections.

Single Parent

A family structure where a parent raises one or more children without the involvement of another parent, often facing unique challenges and responsibilities.

Gender role assignment

refers to expectations and the responsibility assigned to every gender of a particular household.

CONTEMPORARY SHIFTS IN GENDER ROLES

1. ECONOMIC CHANGES - women entering the workforce, leading to a more balanced distribution of financial responsibilities.

2. EDUCATION AND EMPOWERMENT - increased access to education for women to pursue careers and asserts their rights.

3. SHARING PARENTING - Fathers are increasingly taking on active roles in childcare and household responsibilities.

4. LGBTQ+ FAMILIES - same-sex couples are forming families and challenging traditional notions of gender and family relations.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE FAMILY

reflect shifts in traditional family structures, influenced by economic, social, and cultural factors, including increased diversity in family forms and roles.

GENDER PAY GAP

the difference in earnings between men and women, often influenced by factors such as occupation, education, and discrimination.

TYPES OF GENDER PAY GAP

1. Unadjusted gender pay gap - the overall difference in average earnings between men and women, without accounting for factors like occupation or experience.

2. Adjusted gender pay gap - the difference in earnings between men and women after controlling for factors such as occupation, education, and hours worked.

Discrimination and Bias

Biases about gender can influence hiring, promotion, and salary decisions, sometimes leading to lower wages for women despite equal qualifications and experience.

Occupational Segregation

An overrepresentation of women in the relatively low-paying sector (e.g., care, health, and education) while most men work in male- dominated industries such as science, technology, and engineering.

Career Interruptions

Temporary breaks in employment that can affect women's long-term earnings and career advancement, often due to family responsibilities or caregiving roles.

Disproportionate Unpaid Works

Women are more likely to be burdened as their counterpart partners with higherpaying jobs are primarily reluctant to do the household chores.

NEPOTISM

The practice of favoring relatives or friends in job placements and promotions, often at the expense of merit or qualifications.

Lack of representation and leadership roles

Women remain underrepresented in executive and leadership positions because of gender stereotypes and discrimination.

Workplace Harassment

Unwanted, aggressive behavior in a workplace, often affecting the victim's mental and emotional well-being.

Bias in performance evaluation and promotion

Gender biases in performance evaluations often lead to women receiving lower ratings and fewer promotions than men, even with similar performance.

Physical Differences

•Boys: higher activity levels, more physical play.

•Girls: excel in fine motor skills

•Sports Influence: boys often engage more in physical activities, shaping classroom behaviors

Social Differences

•Boys: larger, less intimate peer groups

•Girls: smaller, more collaborative groups

•Classroom Participation: boys more likely to dominate discussions

Academic Performance Difference

•Boys: tend to excel in math and science

•Girls: perform better in reading and literature

•Motivation: different motivational factors for boys and girls

Teacher Interaction

•Boys: often receive more attention, both positive and negative •Girls: less likely to receive direct feedback, impacting confidence •Implications: teachers need to be aware of unconscious biases

Implications for Parents:

1. Understanding gender identity.

2. Communication with schools.

3. Emotional support.

Implications for Policy:

1. Inclusive policies.

2. Curriculum development

3. Training for educators

4. Engagement with families

Gender And Development

natural process for all children. One of the vital ways educators can support and encourage healthy gender development in young children is by understanding gender identity and how it forms.

Students Also Navigate Gender Roles

The behaviors, attitudes, and expectations associated with being either male or female. These differences have to do with physical behaviors, styles of social interaction, academic motivations, behaviors, and choices.

. Gender And Learning

•Teachers tend to discipline boys more severely and provide them with more praise and feedback than girls. •In high schools and colleges, male students are still more likely to enroll in courses like advanced mathematics, science, and engineering than female students, which affects the percentage of women entering these professions (Lynch, 2016).

School Address About Gender Issues

Schools should be a welcoming place for students of all genders, including students who identify as nonbinary or transgender.

MEDIA

Refers to various channels of communication, such as television, internet, social media, and print, that shape societal perceptions and representations of gender.

Print Media

Refers to tangible formats such as newspapers, magazines, and brochures that convey information and influence societal views on gender.

Broadcast Media

Refers to audio-visual formats such as television and radio that disseminate content, influencing public perceptions and discussions around gender issues.

Digital Media

Refers to content that is created, shared, and accessed through online platforms such as websites, social media, and streaming services, playing a significant role in shaping discussions and perceptions around gender.

Outdoor Media

Refers to advertising formats that reach audiences in outdoor environments, such as billboards, posters, and transit advertisements, impacting public awareness and attitudes toward gender.

IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA

DIFFERENT WAVES OF FEMINISM
First Wave

•The late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on legal issues and inequalities, particularly women's suffrage and property rights.

DIFFERENT WAVES OF FEMINISM
. Second Wave

•The late 19th and early 20th centuries addressed broader issues like sexuality, workplace equality, and reproductive rights.

Third Wave

•During the 1990s-2000s focused on individualism, diversity, and intersectionality, emphasizing varied experiences of womanhood.

DIFFERENT WAVES OF FEMINISM
Fourth Wave

•In the 2010s-Present, is characterized by the use of digital media to advocate for social justice, gender equality, and activism.

GENDER ISSUES IN MEDIA

1. Stereotyping and Objectification

2. Underrepresentation and Misrepresentation

3. Cyberbullying and Harassment

4. Beauty Standards and Body Image

5. Gender Gaps in Leadership and Decision-Making

6. Gendered Algorithms and Echo Chambers

7. Influencer Culture and Pressure for "Perfect" Roles

Egalitarianism

The belief in full equality asserts that men and women have equal worth and can fulfill any role without gender restrictions, especially in Christianity.

Complementarianism

The belief that men and women are equal in worth but have distinct, God-given roles, particularly in marriage, family, and church life.