Key Points Survey of World History

Mandate of Heaven:

Belief that the normal condition of China is political unity

Confucianism:

Promoted education Filial piety

Daoism:

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Filial piety:

respect shown by children for their parents and elders

Hinduism:

First to begin in India Removing desires and egos Life is fleeting/ illusion Meditation Hierarchies

Buddhism:

Second to begin in India Removing desires and egos Also heavy on meditation Egalitarianism- Belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs. Faded out in India, was later reabsorbed into Hinduism

Nomads:

a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.

Silk Roads:

Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia. Inner Eurasia primarily dry/ Outer Eurasia primarily well watered Nomadic people became traders Passed goods along through relay trading Named after China's silk tech. being spread through trade

Mongols:

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Pastoral people:

people who stay on the move in search of new grazing lands for their livestock.

Aztec Empire:

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

Inca Empire:

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

Iroquois League:

a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)

The Black Death (1346-1348):

Black Death, pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time. It is estimated that 25 million people died.

The Ming Dynasty:

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Zheng He:

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Chinese Treasure Fleet:

Ming dynasty fleet for maritime exploration and trade. Commanded by Zheng He.

European Renaissance:

The era was marked by a revival of the art, architecture, thought, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.

The Great Dying:

the devastation of American Indian populations by diseases brought over from Europe

Little Ice Age:

A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.

General Crisis:

The effects of the Little Ice Age across the world, which led to the growth of the Sahara, difficulty in growing food, and epidemics. Caribbean region caused additional rain, which led to more mosquito breeding and malaria increases.

Columbian exchange:

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Mercantilism:

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Creole:

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

Mestizo:

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Settler colonies:

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

Islam:

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Muhammad:

Founder of Islam

Social Conversion:

process by which pre-modern peoples adopted/adapted foreign cultural traditions

Swahili Civilization:

An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements.

Ottoman Empire:

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. "Strong sword of Islam".

Constantinople (1453):

The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Mughal Empire:

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Akbar:

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Aurangzeb:

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Kiev Rus:

Kiev was the major trading hub between the Vikings in the north and the Byzantium in the south and later became a city. Kievan Rus was the old name for Russia.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity:

Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe.

Fall of Constantinople (1453):

Capture of the capital of Byzantine Empire by Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 by Mehmed II

Cossacks:

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Siberia:

Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.

Qing/Manchu:

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries

Qing Expansion:

The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire's population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China.

Protestant Reformation (1517):

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther:

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments

95 Theses:

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Sola Fide & Sola Scriptura:

Luther's view that salvation is based on "faith alone," rather than works, and that authority in the Church is based on "Scripture alone," rather than ecclesiastically controlled "tradition"

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia:

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Counter-Reformation:

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Jesuits in China:

Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success.

Scientific Revolution:

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Enlightenment:

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Deism:

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Quakers:

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Unitarianism:

Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity

Trading Post Empire

Empires designed to not necessarily set up Colonies, but to try to control trade.

Philippines (Spanish)

Spain's primary colony in the Pacific Ocean, this island became the only major Christian outpost in Asia

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Indonesia (Spice Islands). Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Chinese tax reform

Fueled the global trade and made the change from bartering to currency.

"Silver Drain"

The majority of the world's silver was sucked out of Europe + Americas and accumulated in China.

Piece of Eight

Spanish silver coin worth 8 spanish reales.

Shoguns

Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.

Potosí

City in Southern Bolivia that came to existence after the discovery of silver in 1545 during the height of silver production

Slavs/Slavic

a member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages. Slaves

Constantinople (1453)

The capital of the Byzantine empire that was conquered by the Ottomans & Turks

African diaspora

African Culture and its people were spread all over the world.

Maroon Societies/Palmanes

Self-governed communities of escaped African Slaves in remote areas.

1807

End of slave trade in British Empire

1833

End of slavery in the British Empire

1888

End of slavery in Brasil

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Popular Sovereignty

The people (popular) decide who is in control.

French Revolution (1789):

Period of radical social and political change throughout Europe that began with an uprising against the king of France.

The Third Estate :

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

French Emperor who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, he relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana Territory to the United States.

Haitian Revolution:

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Independence Debt:

the money Haiti was forced to pay France after Haiti became independent from France (after Haiti's successful Revolution)

Spanish-American revolutions:

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by lower classes.

Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion

A more social radical rebellion began in Mexico in 1810 and was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos.

Simon Bolivar:

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Civic Nationalism:

A vision of a nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values.

Ethnic Nationalsim:

Nationalism only open to those who have the same ethnicity/ race.

Great Jamaican Revolt:

A slave rebellion in the British West Indies from 1831-1832 that was inspired by the Haitian Revolution in which around 60,000 slaves attacked several hundred plantations. The discontent of the slaves and the brutality of the British response helped sway the British public to support the abolition of slavery.

Abolitionist Movement:

Movement to end slavery

Olympe de Gouge:

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

Industrialization:

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Middle Class Society:

British social stratum developed in the nineteenth century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in an industrial society; politically liberal, they favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, "respectability," and cleanliness.

Reform Bill of 1832:

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Karl Marx:

The father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Social democracy:

a socialist system of government achieved by democratic means.

Popular Sovereignty:

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Marxist Socialism:

Based on Marxist ideas and the Communist Manifesto, this was the idea that the lower classes needed to fight the upper classes and eventually create a system in which society was built on industry and there was no private property.

Russo-Japanese War:

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Russian Revolution of 1905:

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

Export Boom:

Tenfold increase in Latin American goods sold abroad.

New Imperialism:

the late 19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad

Social Darwinism:

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.