Joseph Kicklighter Final Exam HIST 1020

Created 4/29/2023

Nawal El Saadawi

Read this on your own! These are usually pretty important on the tests.

Global Perspectives on the Vietnam War

Read this on your own! These are usually pretty important on the tests.

C.L.R James on Pan-African Liberation

Read this on your own! These are usually pretty important on the tests.

The “Winter" War”

War between Russia and Finland. Mistrust between the two countries. Russia was ill prepared for terrain

The “Phony War”

8 month period during World War II where there was no fighting

Pact of Steel

Alliance between Germany and Italy. Signed by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Formalized the 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis agreement, linking the two countries politically and militarily.

Fortress Europa

. . .

The German “Blitz” of London

the sustained campaign of aerial bombing attacks on British towns and cities carried out by the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)

Collaboration

Acceptance and Cooperation with German Control

Resistance

Opposition to German Authority

Marshal Henri Petain

Military Leader in France

Vichy

Capital of unoccupied France

The Free French

Led by Charles Degaulle from London. Political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic

Battle of Britain

German effort to crush the British, mostly by air. Led by Winston Churchill.

Sudetenland

A border area of Czechoslovakia containing a majority ethnic German population as well as all of the Czechoslovak Army's defensive positions in event of a war with Germany.

Japanese “East Asia-Co Prosperity Sphere”

Japan's attempt to form an economic and military bloc consisting of nations within East and Southeast Asia against Western colonization and manipulation

Policy of British-French Appeasement

making concessions to dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict

Munich Conference

Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany.

Polish Corridor

The strip of land that provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the main body of Germany from the province of East Prussia

Along with Danzig

INTERNATIONAL PORT CITY ESSENTIAL FOR POLAND LOCATED IN THE POLISH CORRIDOR AND UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

ensured that both countries would not attack each other and would remain neutral if either was involved in a war with a third country

Blitzkreig

Military tactic developed by the German army during World War II. It involved a rapid and overwhelming attack using a combination of ground forces, tanks, and air support to achieve a swift victory.

German Invasion of the Soviet Union

Starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. It was the largest land offensive in human history, with over 10 million combatants taking part

World War II “Big Three”

US, UK, USSR

Great Patriotic War

Soviet term for WW2

General Tojo

general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and convicted war criminal who served as prime minister of Japan and president of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association for most of World War II

“The Rape of Nanking”

The Rape of Nanking, also known as the Nanking Massacre, was a six-week period of mass murder and rape committed by the Imperial Japanese Army against the Chinese city of Nanking during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937Socie

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor was a surprise military attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Anglo-American Campaigns in North Africa

main objective of the campaign was to secure control of the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa, which was seen as strategically important

D-Day

The storming of Omaha beach in France June 6, 1944

V-E Day, V-J Day

marked the end of World War II in Europe (E) and Japan (J)

Holocaust

The extermination of six million juice and countless other people in Europe during World War II

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

two cities in Japan that were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the United States during World War II

Atlantic Charter

The document outlined the principles that would guide the post-war world, including disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and the establishment of a permanent system of international security.

Yalta Meeting

The Yalta Meeting was primarily focused on the military strategy to defeat Nazi Germany and the post-war reorganization of Europe

Potsdam Meeting

Held in Potsdam, Germany. Attended by US, USSR, and the UK. aimed to discuss the post-World War II reorganization of Europe, including the occupation of Germany, war reparations, and the establishment of a new government in Japan.

The Nuremburg Trials

a series of indictments and criminal procedures against Nazi war criminals

The Truman Doctrine

The United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

European Recovery Act

A US-led initiative to provide economic assistance to Western Europe after World War II

Common Market

European Economic community

The “Iron Curtain”

the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

East Berlin

Pro Soviet

West Berlin

Pro Western

The Berlin Airlift

a humanitarian mission carried out by the Western Allies from 1948 to 1949 to provide food, fuel, and other supplies to the people of West Berlin, who were cut off from the rest of the world by a Soviet blockade.

The Building of the Berlin Wall

Construction began in 1961 by East German govt. Prevented East germans from “voting with their feet” by defecting the West

De-Stalinization

liberalization of the Soviet Union

Hungarian and Czechoslovakian Revolts Against USSR

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Soviet-backed Hungarian government. The uprising was sparked by a student demonstration and quickly escalated into a widespread anti-Soviet revolt, with protesters demanding greater political freedom and an end to Soviet domination. The Soviet Union brutally suppressed the rebellion, resulting in thousands of deaths and imprisonments.

The Czechoslovakian Revolt of 1968, also known as the Prague Spring, was a period of political liberalization and democratic reform in Czechoslovakia. The reforms were quickly suppressed by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, who invaded the country and installed a new hardline Communist government. The event marked the end of the liberalization movement in Czechoslovakia and cemented Soviet control over the Eastern Bloc.

American-Soviet Summit Conferences

The American-Soviet Summit Conferences were a series of meetings between the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War era. Goal was to reduce tensions and improve relations between the two superpowers

Relationships of Eisenhower and JFK with Krushchev

John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor, inherited this relationship and initially struggled to establish a rapport with Khrushchev. However, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 marked a turning point in their relationship, as Kennedy's handling of the crisis helped to reduce tensions between the two superpowers.

Peaceful Coexistence

Aimed to ease tensions between the Soviet Union and the West. Called for peaceful competition between capitalist & communist systems, and for each side to respect the other's sphere of influence

Detente in the 1970’s

Period of reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s

Carter and the American Boycott of Moscow Olympics

Carter announced a boycott of the Moscow Olympics in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Carter's decision was widely controversial. Resulted in loss of attendance from multiple countries

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

United States formed anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments

The Warsaw Pact

Created in response to the formation of NATO by Western countries, and its primary purpose was to provide a unified defense against potential aggression from NATO

Marshall Titos Yugoslavia Split Up

After Tito's death in 1980, ethnic tensions and economic struggles led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.

Gorbachev’s Policies

Policies of openness and economic reform led to greater political freedoms, economic liberalization, and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Solidarity

called for greater political and economic freedom, workers' rights, and democracy. Through strikes, protests, and negotiations with the government, Solidarity gained significant popular support and ultimately led to the end of communist rule in Poland

The “Velvet Revolution”

non-violent political revolution in Czechoslovakia. Led to establishment of Democratic govt

The collapse of the USSR

Marked end of the Cold War. Result of economic stagnation, political and social unrest, and the failure of Soviet leaders to implement significant reforms

Boris Yeltsin and Putin

Boris Yeltsin was the first democratically elected President of Russia who served from 1991 to 1999. He oversaw the transition from a communist state to a capitalist democracy but his tenure was also marked by economic instability, political crises, and corruption scandals.

Vladimir Putin succeeded Yeltsin in 1999 and has since become one of Russia's most dominant and controversial figures. He has been re-elected as President multiple times and is known for consolidating power, restricting political opposition, and pursuing assertive foreign policies. Under Putin, Russia has also faced accusations of human rights abuses, election interference, and involvement in conflicts in Ukraine and Syria.

Emperor Hirohito

124th Emperor of Japan, reigning from 1926 until his death in 1989. He oversaw Japan's transition from a militaristic and expansionist state to a democracy after World War II

Tokyo War Crimes Trials

Aim was to try leaders of the Empire of Japan for their crimes against peace, conventional war crimes, and crimes against humanity, leading up to and during the Second World War

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist revolutionary and politician who founded the People's Republic of China. Key role in “Great leap forward”

Chiang Kai Shek

Chinese political and military leader who played a prominent role in the country's modern history

Normalization of Chinese American Relations

re-establishment of diplomatic ties between the United States and the People's Republic of China

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

goal was to purge capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society and promote Maoist ideology.

The Communist Chinese “Great Leap Forward”

goal was to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society to a modern industrialized one through collectivization, industrialization, and agricultural reforms

Korean War / Kim Il-Sung

North Korea invaded South Korea

Sygnman Rhee

Former president of S. Korea

French Indochina

a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954

Viet Minh

created by the Indochinese Communist Party as a national united front to achieve the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Viet Cong

Viet Cong were a communist guerrilla force in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. They fought against the South Vietnamese government and the United States, seeking to reunify Vietnam under communist rule.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem was a political leader who served as the first President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963. **Anti- Communist**

Ho Chi Minh

Former prime minister of Vietnam. Founded Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Vietminh besieged and eventually defeated the French garrison, leading to the end of French colonial rule in Indochina and the partition of Vietnam

Domino Theory

The theory that if one country falls to communism, an adjacent country will also fall to communism

Presidents Johnson and Nixon

This part was very vague, idk what he wants from this

The Paris Peace Conference

formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

The fall of South Vietnam

Saigon

Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana

First president of Ghana and key figure of independence from British Colonial rule. Promoted Pan-Africanism

Apartheid

Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It was implemented by the National Party government, which was dominated by white Afrikaners, and aimed to maintain white supremacy and control over the country's black majority. Apartheid laws enforced racial separation in all aspects of life, including housing, education, employment, and public services. The system was widely condemned and resisted both within South Africa and internationally, and was eventually dismantled through a series of negotiations and protests.

Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”

Father of modern Turkey, sympathetic to the Young Turk movement

Zionism

ideological movement that emerged in the late 19th century, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Iran Ruled by the Shah . . .

IRAN RULED BY THE SHAH UNTILTHE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (1979) AND THE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI, ISLAMIC LEADER

David Ben-Gurion

the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel.

Golda Meier

Founder of the state of Israel and played a key role in its development. Also know for her advocacy for social justice and women's rights

OPEC

A group of 13 oil-producing nations that coordinate their oil production and pricing policies to stabilize the global oil market

Camp David Accords

led to the first-ever peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state. recognition of Israel's right to exist by Egypt.

Palestinian Liberation Org.

a political organization founded in 1964 with the goal of representing and advancing the rights of Palestinians

Fulgencio Batista

Cuban Dictator from 1952 to 1959

Fidel and Raul Castro: The Cuban Revolution

a social and political movement led by Fidel Castro and other revolutionaries that began in 1953 and culminated in the overthrow of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959

The Bay of Pigs Invasion

Failed attempt by a CIA-backed group of Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in 1961. The exiles, with US support, landed at the Bay of Pigs but were quickly surrounded and defeated by Cuban forces

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day political and military standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962. The crisis began when the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, which the US saw as a threat to its national security.