AP HUGO Unit 2

Population Distribution

Describes how people are spread across a geographic area. Influenced by climate, resources, economy, and history

Consequences of Population Distribution

Affects access to services, infrastructure, and resources. Dense areas may face overcrowding; sparse areas may lack development.

Population Composition

The makeup of a population by age, sex, ethnicity, income, etc. Helps identify social needs and trends

Population Dynamics

How populations change over time due to births, deaths, and migration. Includes growth rates and life expectancy.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing population change through 5 stages, from high birth/death rates to low growth or decline.

Malthusian Theory

Theory that population grows faster than food supply, leading to famine and conflict unless checked

Population Policies

Government strategies to influence population growth, including pro-natalist, anti-natalist, and migration policies

Women and Demographic Change

Women’s education and healthcare access affect fertility rates and population growth. Empowerment leads to smaller families.

Aging Populations

When a large portion of the population is elderly. Leads to higher dependency ratios and labor shortages

Causes of Migration

Push factors (conflict, poverty) and pull factors (jobs, safety) drive people to move

Forced Migration

refugees fleeing danger.

Positives of Migration

Can lead to cultural exchange and economic growth

Voluntary migration

people choosing to move for opportunity or family

Negatives of Migration

brain drain and social tension

Stage 1 DTM

High birth rates, High death rates (preindustrial) because of poor sanitation and high infant mortality so they had backup children.

Stage 2 DTM

High birth rates, rapidly declining death rates because of improvements in sanitation, medicine, and food supply. This leads to a sharp increase in population growth.

Stage 3 DTM

Significantly declining birth rates, stable low death rates, In urban areas, children aren’t needed for labor, and raising kids costs more and women get better education leading to later births.

Stage 4 DTM

birth rates and death rates are low,This happens because people have access to healthcare, education, and family planning. Women often delay childbirth for careers, and urban lifestyles make large families less practical.

Stage 5 DTM

Birth rates go below death rate declining population,people delay or avoid having children due to career priorities, high living costs, or personal choice. Aging populations and low fertility rates mean fewer young people to support the elderly.

Factors influencing population distribution

Climate,landforms, water access, political stability, and economic opportunities.

Effects of population distribution

Influences representation,labor markets, infrastructure demand, and resource use.

Population composition

The structure of a population by age,sex, ethnicity, and religion.

Importance of knowing where people live

Helps explain global,cultural, political, and economic patterns.

Three components of population change

Fertility,mortality, and migration

Factors influencing population dynamics

Environmental economic, cultural, and political factors.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Shows how birth and death rates change over time with development,

Malthusian Theory

Population grows faster than food supply,leading to scarcity unless checked.

Pro-natalist policies

Policies that encourage people to have more children,

Women’s role in demographic change

Education,employment, and healthcare access lower fertility rates.

Effects of aging populations

Increased healthcare costs pension burdens, and shifts in political priorities.

Impact of population changes on places

Affect economy culture, and politics in both short and long terms.