EXPLORATION AND ABSOLUTISM TEST

Mughal

Muslim Dynasty that ruled much of India (16th-19 centuries.

Babur

founder of Munghal empire

Akbar

Third Mughal Emperor, known for his policies of tolerance and reforms.

Sikh

Founder of sikhism a religion from Punjab

Shah Jahan

Fifth Mughal Emperor, known for his architectural achievements, including the Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal

Mausoleum built by Shah Jahan

Aurangzeb

Last effective Mughal Empire he was known for conservatism

Shivaji

Maratha kind who resisted Mughal rule

Prince Henry

Portuguese royal who sponsored exploration along the African coast

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal

Dutch East India Company

Powerful Dutch trading company in Asia

Ming Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912), established by the Manchus

Zheng He

Chinese Admiral who led voyages of exploration in the 15th century

Oda Nobunaga

Japanese warlord who initiated the unification of Japan in the late 16th century

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government which ruled from 1600-1868.

Haiku

A traditional form of Japanese poetry follow pattern of 5-7-5 syllables.

Kabuki

a classical Japanese dance-drama known for elaborate costumes and makeup

Daimyo

Powerful feudal lords in Japan during the Tokugawa period who controlled land and samurai.

Kangxi

An emperor of the Qing dynasty in China

Hongwu

The founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China who rose to power after defeating the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

Yongolo

(Yongle) third emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China

Manchus

An ethnic minority group in China

Tayotomi Hideyoshi

A Japanese samurai and warlord of the Sengoku period

Christopher Colombus

An Italian explorer and navigator

Colony

A territory under the immediate political control of a state

Conquistador

a spanish conqueror

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire

Atahualpa

The last Inca emperor

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry

Encomienda

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people

Hernando Cortéz

Spanish Conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain.

New France

French colony in North America established in the early 17th century, primarily focused on fur trading and missionary work among Indigenous peoples.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia, known for its tobacco cultivation.

Pilgrims

English settlers who founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620 seeking religious freedom.

Puritans

English protestants who migrated to New England for its religious freedom

New Netherlands

Dutch Colony in North America (1614-1667)

French and Indian war

North American conflict between Britain and France

Metacom

Wampanoag chief, leader of King Phillips war

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of enslaves Africans to the Americas from the Americans from the 16th to 19th centuries

Indentured servitude

A labor system where people paid for their passage to the Americas by working for an employer for a fixed number of years

Triangular Trade

A system of trade in which Europe supplied Africa and the Americas with finished goods, The American supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials and Africa supplied the Americas with enslaved people

Middle Passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer to plants, animals, culture, human, populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the old world in the 15th and 16th centuries. It had a profound impact on the global economy and enviroment

Capitalism

Economic sytem with private ownership and competitive markets

Joint-stock company

Buisness funded by investors who share profits and losses

Mercantilism

Economic theory promoting national wealth through a positive trade balance

Favorable balance of trade

Exporting more than importing

Phillip II

King of Spain, known for his powerful empire and religious zeal

Absolute Monarch

A ruler with unlimited power

Divine Right

The belief that a monarchs authority comes directly from god

Edict of Nantes

A french law granting religous freedom to Huguenots (Protestants)

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief Minister to Louis XIII of france, known for strengthening royal power

Skepticism

A philosophical approach that questions the truth of claims

Louis XIV

The “Sun King” an absolute monarch of france known for his extravagant court

Intendant

A royal office in france who oversaw local administration

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister under Louis XIV known for his ecomonic policies

War of Spanish Succesion

A major European conflict over the Spanish throne

Thirty years war

A devestating religous and political conflict in Europe

Maria Theresa

Habsburg empress who ruled Austria and Hungary

Frederick the great

King of Prussia known for his military prowess and reforms

Seven Years war

A global conflict involving major European powers

Ivan the terrible

First Tsar of Russia Known for his cruelty and ecpansionism

Boyar

A member of the Russian nobility

Peter the great

Tsar of Russia who modernized the country and expanded its territory

Westernization

The adoption of Western European culture and technology

Charles I

King of England executed during the English Civil war

English civil war

A conflict between the English Parliament and the monarchy

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War

Restoration

The return of the monarchy to England after the Interregnum

Habeas Corpus

A legal Principal protecting individuals from unlawful imprisonment

Glorious revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

Constitutional Monarchy

A system where a monarchs power is limited by a constitution

Cabinet

A group of ministers who advise a head of state or goverment

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. His voyage opened a direct route from Europe to Asia revolutionizing trade and global interaction

King Henry VIII

1509-1547 act of supremacy, removed popes power in England, official head of church

King Edward VI

1547-1533 King Henry’s son was nine when he stepped to the throne. Initiated protestant reform - no heir

Queen Mary I

1553-1558 restored catholic church, executed 280 protestants for heresy

Queen Elizabeth I

1558-1603 wanted to be like father. Executed 183 catholics for treason. Catholics attempted to assassinate her

King James I

Cousin of Queen Elizabeth I, wanted to negotiate peace treaty with christians ruled during the tutor dynasty

Charles I

dissolved parliament - unpopular leader

Portuguese Empire

strength from economy and army

Chirstianity

south america, africa

trade to asia

Prince Henry the navigator, King Jhon I, King Manuel I

peak in 16th century

Mughal Empire

india

strength from navy

spices imported from indonesia

Hinduism / Muslim dynasty

founded by babur

akbar the great - 3rd

The British Empire

build in 16th century

Maritime trade routes

consitutional monarchy/ republic

King William, Queen Mary

held colonies in east indies

trade routes established by Dutch East India Company

Strategic geographic location

Spanish Empire

large military, immense wealth

located in North and South America

richest nation 16th century peak

hierarchy

Phillip II

golden ago 1500-1600

Spanish Armada