Learning-Cognitive Theories

Edward Thorndike

Who proposed the Law of Effect?

Law of Effect

stated that

responses followed by a

satisfier tend to be

learned, a concept that

anticipated Skinner's use of

positive reinforcement to

shape behavior.

stamped in , stamped out

the law of effect had two

parts. The first stated that responses to stimuli that are

followed immediately by a satisfier tend to be "—————-";

the second held that responses to stimuli that are followed

immediately by an annoyer tend to be "—————“.

John B. Watson

A second and more direct

influence on Skinner was the

work of

Radical Behaviorism

John B. Watson argued that the behavior of humans, like animals and machines, can be studied objectively. this is an example of

True

Skinner believed that human behavior, like any other natural

phenomena, is subject to the laws of science, and that

psychologists should not attribute inner motivations to it. True or False

True

Skinner believed that ,

because the purpose of

science is to predict

and conrol,

psychologists should

be concerned with

determining the

conditions under which

human behavior occurs

so that they can

predict and control

it. True or False

Ivan Pavlov

he proposed the classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning

, a neutral

(conditioned) stimulus

is paired with an

unconditioned stimulus

until it is capable of

bringing about a

previously

unconditioned response,

now called the

conditioned response.

operant conditioning

this conditioning use reinforcement

to increase the

probability that a

given behavior will

recur.

antecedent,behavior,consequence

Three factors are

essential in

operant

conditioning

shaping

the process of repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus is called—————. It is used by psychologist to mold complex human behavior.

operant discrimination

different organisms will respond differently to the

same environmental contingencies

Stimulus generalization

People may also

respond similarly to different environmental stimuli, a

process Skinner called———. A phenomenon where subjects respond similarly to stimuli similar to the conditioned or neutral stimulus.

Reinforcer

anything within

the environment that

strengthens a behavior

Positive reinforcement

is

any stimulus that when

added to a situation

increases the probability

that a given behavior will

occur.

Negative reinforcement

- is

the strengthening of

behavior through the

removal of an aversive

stimulus.

Punishment

- any event that

decreases a behavior either

by presenting an aversive

stimulus or by removing a

positive one.

Negative punishment

removing something desirable to decrease the likelyhood of behavior

Fixed Ratio

on which the organism is

reinforced intermittently

according to the number

of responses it makes

Fixed-Interval

on which the organism is

reinforced for the first

response following a

designated period of time

Variable-Ratio

on which the organism is

reinforced after an

average of a

predetermined number of

responses

Variable-Interval

on which the organism is

reinforced after the

lapse of varied periods

of time

extinction

The tendency of a previously acquired response to become

progressively weakened upon non-reinforcement

Bandura's social cognitive theory

takes an agentic

perspective, meaning that humans have some limited

ability to control their lives.

chance encounters and fortuitous events often shape

one's behavior. ters and fortuitous events often shape

one's behavior; (2) places more emphasis on

observational learning; (3) stresses the importance of

cognitive factors in learning;(4) suggests that human

activity is a function of behavior and person variables,

as well as the environment; and (5) believes that

reinforcement is mediated by cognition.

In contrast to Skinner, Bandura (1) recognizes

Human agency

essence of humanness;

that is, humans are

defined by their

ability to organize,

regulate, and enact

behaviors that they

believe will produce

desirable consequences.

Intentionality, Foresight,self reflectiveness and self reactiveness

Core Features

of Human

Agency

Intentionality

A proactive

commitment to actions

that may bring about

desired outcome

Foresight

ability to set goals

Self-reactiveness

Includes people

monitoring their

progress tpward

fulfilling their

choices

Self-reflectiveness

Allows people to think

about and evaluate their

motives, values, and

life goals

Chance

Encounters

Unintended meeting of

persons unfamilair to

each other

Fortuitous

event

Is an environmental

experience that is

unexpected and

unintended

environmental factors, personal factors, behavior

what are the triadic reciprocal determinism. This three variables are result of interaction among them

Self efficacy

● Refers to people’s

beliefs that they

can and cannot

execute a behavior

necessary to

produce desired

outcomes in any

particular

situation.

Mastery of experiences
Social modeling
Social Persuasion
Physical and emotional States

sources of self efficacy

proxy agency

people can accomplish

their goal by relying

on other people to do

things.

Collective

efficacy

People’s shared

beliefs in their

collective power to

produce desired

results.

M odelling

The core of

observational

learning is

Enactive learning

a mode of learning that emphasizes experiencing and interacting with the physical world to understand concepts. All behavior is followed

by some consequence, but

whether that consequence

reinforces the behavior

depends on the person’s

cognitive evaluation of

the situation.Learning through direct experience