Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs Ch. 4

Night terrors

________- relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully, without nightmare or recall.

MDMA

________ (ecstasy or x)- can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.

Hypnosis

________- state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.

Electroencephalograph

________ (EEG)- measure of sleep stage based upon dominant type of brain wave activity.

Insomnia

________- inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep.

Withdrawal

________- symptoms including nausea, pain, tremors, irritability, high blood pressure, and possible hallucinations and delirium, resulting from lack of addictive drug in body systems.

Dissociation

________- divided state of conscious awareness.

Amphetamine

________- synthesized drugs (made in labs)

PCP

________- synthesized drug that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

Depressants

________- drugs that decrease the functioning of nervous system.

Stimulants

________- drugs that speed up the functioning of nervous system.

Caffeine

________- in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and many over- the- counter drugs.

Marijuana

________- mild hallucinogen derived from a particular type of hemp plant.

Benzodiazepines

________- lower anxiety and reduce stress.

Humans

________- need on average 7- 8 hours per night.

Hypothalamus

________- influences pituitary- endocrine system.

Cocaine

________- natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure.

Hypnagogic images

________- vivid visual events.

Morphine

________- used to treat severe pain.

Nightmares

________- bad dreams occurring during REM sleep.

mode

Activation- information- ________ (AIM) model- information accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.

Opium

________- from ________ poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.

Alpha

________ waves- indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.

Social cognitive theory

________- hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role of them in the situation.

Microsleeps

________- brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds.

Narcotics

________- opium- related drugs that suppress pain by stimulating nervous systems receptor sites for endorphins.

Sleep paralysis

________- the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.

Growth hormones

________ are released.

Circadian rhythm

________- bodily rhythm that cycles over a 24- hour period.

Tolerance

________- more drug needed to achieve same effect.

REM

________ behavior disorder (RBD)- failure of mechanisms that blocks movement of voluntary muscles, allows person to act out nightmares.

Consciousness

________- persons awareness of various mental processes.

Psychological dependence

________- drug needed to continue feeling of emotional or psychological well- being.

deep sleep

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)- occurring during ________, an episode of moving around or walking around in ones sleep.

Restorative theory

________- sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

Adaptive theory

________- sleep patterns evolved to assist organisms to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.

synthesis hypothesis

Activation- ________- dreams created by the higher cortex.

Psychoactive drugs

________- drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior.

REM

________ rebound- increased ________ sleep when deprived on earlier nights.

consciousness

persons awareness of various mental processes

waking consciousness

thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and there is alertness

altered state of consciousness

shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared ordinary consciousness

circadian rhythm

bodily rhythm that cycles over a 24-hour period

hypothalamus

influences pituitary-endocrine system

humans

need on average 7-8 hours per night

microsleeps

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

sleep deprivation

any significant loss of sleep

restorative theory

sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body

adaptive theory

sleep patterns evolved to assist organisms to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

measure of sleep stage based upon dominant type of brain wave activity

alpha waves

indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

theta waves

indicate the early stages of sleep

delta waves

long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest early stage of sleep

beta waves

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating either awake or REM sleep

non-REM (NREM)

any stage but not REM (stages 1-4)

hypnagogic images

vivid visual events

hypnic jerk

knees, legs, whole body jerks

N1

light sleep

N2

sleep spindles (1-2 sec activity)

N3

delta waves are pronounced

Rapid eye movement (REM)

eyes move rapidly, high brain activity and likely dreaming, body extremely relaxed; aka paradoxical sleep

REM rebound

increased REM sleep when deprived on earlier nights

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

failure of mechanisms that blocks movement of voluntary muscles, allows person to act out nightmares

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in ones sleep

night terrors

relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully, without nightmare or recall

nightmares

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

insomnia

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep

sleep apnea

disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds-30 seconds or more

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle tone

sleep paralysis

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

freud

dreams as wish fulfillment

manifest content

actual dream

latent content

dreams true hidden meaning

activation-synthesis hypothesis

dreams created by the higher cortex

activation-information-mode (AIM) model

information accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

hypnosis

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

dissociation

divided state of conscious awareness

social-cognitive theory

hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role of them in the situation

psychoactive drugs

drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior

tolerance

more drug needed to achieve same effect

withdrawal

symptoms including nausea, pain, tremors, irritability, high blood pressure, and possible hallucinations and delirium, resulting from lack of addictive drug in body systems

psychological dependence

drug needed to continue feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

stimulants

drugs that speed up the functioning of nervous system

amphetamine

synthesized drugs (made in labs)

cocaine

natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

nicotine

in tobacco

caffeine

in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and many over-the-counter drugs

barbiturates

sedative effect

benzodiazepines

lower anxiety and reduce stress

narcotics

opium-related drugs that suppress pain by stimulating nervous systems receptor sites for endorphins

opium

from opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

morphine

used to treat severe pain

heroin

extremely addictive

PCP

synthesized drug that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

MDMA (ecstasy or x)

can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

stimulatory hallucinogenics

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

marijuana

mild hallucinogen derived from a particular type of hemp plant