Final exam flash cards

i didn't put chapter 14 Cengage practice quiz in here

perineum

the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx.

scrotum

sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles

seminiferous tubules

sperm are formed within the ..

epididymis

a coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

glans penis

head of the penis

foreskin

prepuce, covers and protects the glans penis

vas deferns

ductus deferns, long narrow continuations of each epididymis

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells

ejaculatory duct

begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra

prostate gland

lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferns enters the urethra

The two bulbourethral glands

are located just below the prostate gland. each gland is on each side of urethra

urethra

passes through the penis to the outside of the body

urologist

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose the glands penis

erectile dysfunction

impotence

peyronie’s disease

penile curvature

priapism

a painful and persistent erection lasting 4 hours or more, not caused by excitment

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spematic cord leading from the testicle

testicular torsion

a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferns and blood vessels leading into the testicle

azoospermia

absence of sperm in the semen

oligospermia

sperm count of below 15 million/mL

orchiopexy

repair of cryptorchidism, which is an undescended testicle

vasovasostomy

vasectomy reversal

cryopreservation

sperm allows a man to freeze his sperm indefinitely to use later

genital herpes

caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2

genital warts

caused by human papillomaviruses

syphilis

caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum, direct contact with a chancre (a sore)

labia majora and labia minora

vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus

Bartholin’s glands

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina. On either side of vaginal orifice

follicle

fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum

ova

eggs, are the female gametes

two fallopian tubes

uterine tubes, extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary

fimbriae

are the fringed, finger-like extensions of this opening. Catch the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary

fundus

bugling, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes

corpus

body of the uterus, middle portion of uterus

cervix

the lower, narrow portion of uterus that extends into the vagina

endometrium

inner layer, consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels

ovulation

After the ovum (egg) is released, it is caught up by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube. Wave-like peristaltic actions move the ovum down the fallopian tube toward the uterus. After the ovum has been released, the ruptured follicle enlarges, takes on a yellow fatty substance, and becomes the corpus luteum.

fraternal twins

result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm

identical twins

formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos

chorion

thin outer membrane that encloses an embryo

antepartum

refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor

effacement

the process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner

cephalic presentation

crowning, when the baby is coming head first

puerperium

the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery

lochia

the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for up to 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth

colostrum

a specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

neonate

newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth

dermoid cyst

teratoma, benign tumor containing various tissues such as teeth, bone, skin glands or hair

endometriosis

condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

uterine fibroids

myomas, benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

uterine prolapse

pelvic floor hernia, condition in which the weakening of pelvic muscles and supportive tissues

cervical dysplasia

presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervex

cervical insufficiency

incompetent cervix, refers to weakened tissue in the cervix

vaginal candidiasis

yeast infection, common vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus candida albicans

fibrocystic breasts

used to describe the presence of fibrous tissue and benign cysts

galactorrhea

production of milk in a women who is not breastfeeding

amenorrhea

abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more

dysmenorrhea

menstrual cramps, is pain caused by uterine contractions during a period

abruptio placentae

disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

preeclampsia

pregnancy-induced hypertension, complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria

Premature infant

fetus born before the 37th week

tubal ligation

tubes tied

sacrocolpopexy

surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the sacrum

partial hysterectomy

uterus is removed and the cervix is left in placera

radical hysterectomy

removal of the uterus, ligaments, cervix and portion of the vagina

mastopexy

breast lift

episiotomy

surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal

ambulation

the way the patient walks

pulse

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery that is caused by the beating of the heart

respirtation

the number of complete breaths per minute

blood pressure

force of the blood against the walls of the arteries

rales

crackles, abnormal crackling lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration

rhonchi

coarse rattling sounds like snorings

stridor

abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in larynx

lubb sound

heard first, caused by tricuspid and mitral valves closing bw atria and ventricles

dubb sound

shorter and higher pitched, caused by closing of the valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood pumped out of the heart

bruit

abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery

speculum

instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity

recumbent

any position in which patient is lying down

horizontal recumbent position

supine, lying on back, face up

dorsal recumbent position

lying on back, face up, knees up

lithotomy position

patient is lying on the back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups

prone position

patient is lying on the abdomen face down

hematocrit

describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells

white blood cell count

determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood

serum bilirubin test

measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile

casts

fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease

acidosis

what is the opposite of alkalosis

low specific gravity

characteristic of diabetes insipidus

high specific gravity

occurs in conditions such as dehydration, liver failure, or shock

stool gram stain

tests for which bacteria are present in a sample

stool guaiac test

looks for blood in the stool

fecal fat test

analyzes how much fat is contained in the sample to determine how well the body is digesting fat

endoscope

small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end

centesis

surgical puncture to remove excess fluid

fine-needle aspiration

very thin needle inserted through the skin and into the intended fluid or tissue

core needle biopsy

larger needle to collect more of the fluid or tissue

computed tomography (CT)

Uses an x-ray beam with computer assistance to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body. Hard tissues are light, and soft tissues appear as shades of gray.