Cellular Levels Organization

Cell

The smallest, basic unit of life. A structural and fundamental unit of life.

Cell Biology

The study of cells from its basic structure and functions of every cell organelle

Robert Hooke

He discovered the cells in 1665 by observing a thin slice of cork with a compound microscope.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What are the 2 types of cell?

Binary Fission

The cell division of Prokaryotes

Mitosis and Meiosis

The cell division of Eukaryotes

Prokaryote

Has no nucleus; no presence of organelles and has smaller cell size, a single-celled microorganism

Eukaryote

Has presence of organelles and has bigger cell size, a multicellular microorganism

Cell Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur within our body is called

Metabolize & release energy, Synthesize Molecules, Communication, Reproduction & Inheritance

What are the functions of a cell?

Asexual Reproduction

What kind of reproduction are Mitosis and Binary Fission?

Sexual Reproduction

What kind of reproduction is Meiosis?

Nucleus

Contains genetic material of the cell (DNA); site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of Lipid Synthesis; participates in detoxification; a storage of Calcium

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Modified protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

Secretory Vesicles

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi Apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

Lysosomes

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

Mitochondrion

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

Centrioles

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Microtubule

Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

Cilia

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells

Microvilli

Increase surface area of certain cells for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptor

Plasma Membrane

Outermost component of cells

Phospholipid Bilayer

Boundary separates the substance inside the cell (Intracellular) to the substance outside the cells (Extracellular)

Potassium In, Sodium Out

What does PISO stand for?

Glyco

Stands for Carbohydrates

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids + Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Stability and cell to cell communication through bilayer

Glycoproteins

Cell recognition or self-recognition; Responsible for the attachment or bind to other cells

Glycocalyx

Contains your molecules absorb outside your environment; Knows precise boundaries between your plasma membrane and the extracellular of our environment

 Fluid Mosaic Model

What is this model called

Peripheral Proteins

Found on the outer surface of your plasma membrane

Integral Proteins

Deeply integrated in your plasma membrane

Marker Molecules

Molecules that identify or recognize

Receptor Proteins

Can be a receptor to a specific chemical

Cadherins and Integrins

What are the Attachment Proteins

Cadherins

Attachment of cell to cell

Integrins

Attachment of cell to extracellular material

Transport Proteins

What do you call Channel, Carrier, ATP power pumps

Leak Channels

Channels that leaks, always open

Gated Channels

Channels that opens and closes upon the entrance of a specific ion or molecule

Uniport

Refers to the transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane

Symport

Also known as co-transport, refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction

Antiport

Also known as your countertransport, refers to the movement of two different molecules in opposite direction

Enzymes

Increases the rate of chemical reaction

Cell Membranes

Selectively permeable; Allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells

Na (Sodium), Ca (Calcium), Cl (Chloride)

What elements are found concentration in extracellularly

Interstitial fluid

Fluid outside cells

amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, wastes

Rich, nutritious “soup”

Selective Permeability

Plasma membrane only allows some substances to enter cell; Nutrients in, wastes out through passive or active transport

Passive Transport

a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes

Diffusion

tend to move from an area of higher concentration of a solute to an area of lower concentration of that same solute in solution

Isosmotic

Same concentration of solute and osmotic pressure

Hyperosmotic

Same high concentration of Solute and Osmotic Pressure

Hypoosmotic

Same low concentration of Solute and Osmotic Pressure

Tonicity

The ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing water volume

Isotonic

Equal concentration solutes

Hypertonic

Higher conc. of solutes

Hypotonic

Lower conc. of solutes

Facilitated Transport

A mediated transport process by which transport proteins mediate or assist the movement of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charge molecules

Active Transport

Move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high concentration; Energy (ATP) is needed

Antiport

Directly uses ATP to drive transport

Vesicular Transport

Fluid & large particles are transported across membranes in vesicles

Exocytosis

“Out of cell” - eject substances

Endocytosis

“Within the cell” - ingest substances

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cell eating, engulf large or solid material 

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking, fluid with dissolved molecules

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Concentrate specific substances (ligands) that bind receptor proteins

Meiosis

Makes distinct gametes; sex cells

Mitosis

Clones body cells; somatic cells

Atrophy

This type of disorder of cell structure decreases its cell size

Hypertrophy

This type of disorder of cell structure increases in cell size

Hyperplasia

This type of disorder of cell structure increases its cell number

Metaplasia

This type of disorder of cell structure has the ability to change into another type of cell

Neoplasia

This type of disorder of cell structure changes in cell structure

Hypoxia

This type of disorder of cell structure decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structure