6. MCQs Signal Transduction
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Which of the following molecules have membrane receptors?
a) ACTH
b) epinephrine
c) retinoic acid
d) acetylcholine
e) calcitriol
f) cholesterol
g) nitric oxide
h) insulin
j) leptin
Which of the following molecules have membrane receptors?
a) ACTH
b) epinephrine
c) retinoic acid
d) acetylcholine
e) calcitriol
f) cholesterol
g) nitric oxide
h) insulin
j) leptin
Which of the following ions/molecules are second messengers?
a) K+
b) Ca2+
c) calmodulin
d) protein kinase A
e) cAMP
f) cGMP
g) phospholipase C
h) DAG
Which of the following ions/molecules are second messengers?
a) K+
b) Ca2+
c) calmodulin
d) protein kinase A
e) cAMP
f) cGMP
g) phospholipase C
h) DAG
Match the second messenger to the enzyme it activates.
cAMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol
protein kinase G, protein kinase C, protein kinase A
Match the second messenger to the enzyme it activates.
cAMP - protein kinase A
cGMP - protein kinase G
diacylglycerol - protein kinase C
Growth factors:
a) interact with receptors that possess a tyrosine kinase activity
b) activate receptors that autophosphorylate each other
c) possess receptors that form dimers
d) initiate cell proliferation
e) initiate apoptosis
Growth factors:
a) interact with receptors that possess a tyrosine kinase activity
b) activate receptors that autophosphorylate each other
c) possess receptors that form dimers
d) initiate cell proliferation
e) initiate apoptosis
The receptors for the transforming growth factor-ß:
a) possess a serine/threonine kinase activity
b) phosphorylate and activate transcription factors from the SMAD family
c) regulate embryonic development
d) initiate a signal pathway that inhibits tumor growth
e) stimulate cell proliferation
The receptors for the transforming growth factor-ß:
a) possess a serine/threonine kinase activity
b) phosphorylate and activate transcription factors from the SMAD family
c) regulate embryonic development
d) initiate a signal pathway that inhibits tumor growth
e) stimulate cell proliferation
Which of the following compounds are lipid mediators?
a) ceramide
b) sphingosine-1-phosphate
c) phosphatydilinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
d) protein kinase C
e) inositol triphosphate
f) prostaglandins
g) diacylglycerol
Which of the following compounds are lipid mediators?
a) ceramide
b) sphingosine-1-phosphate
c) phosphatydilinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
d) protein kinase C
e) inositol triphosphate
f) prostaglandins
g) diacylglycerol
Which of the following statements regarding the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are true?
a) MAPKs are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases
b) MAPKs are a family of tyrosine protein kinases
c) the phosphorylation of each subsequent kinase in the signal pathway requires ATP
d) the phosphorylation of each subsequent kinase in the signal pathway requires
e) SMAD proteins participate in the MAPK pathway
f) the Raf, MEK and ERK proteins participate in the MAPK pathway
g) transduce signals that lead to cell proliferation
Which of the following statements regarding the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are true?
a) MAPKs are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases
b) MAPKs are a family of tyrosine protein kinases
c) the phosphorylation of each subsequent kinase in the signal pathway requires ATP
d) the phosphorylation of each subsequent kinase in the signal pathway requires
e) SMAD proteins participate in the MAPK pathway
f) the Raf, MEK and ERK proteins participate in the MAPK pathway
g) transduce signals that lead to cell proliferation
Which of the following hormones are transported by transport proteins in the blood?
a) insulin
b) adrenaline
c) triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
d) cortisol
e) calcitonin
f) aldosterone
g) calcitriol
Which of the following hormones are transported by transport proteins in the blood?
a) insulin
b) adrenaline
c) triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
d) cortisol
e) calcitonin
f) aldosterone
g) calcitriol
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis?
a) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c) luteinizing hormone (LH)
d) growth hormone (GH)
e) antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
f) oxytocin
g) prolactin
h) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis?
a) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c) luteinizing hormone (LH)
d) growth hormone (GH)
e) antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
f) oxytocin
g) prolactin
h) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following molecules IS NOT involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones?
a) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
b) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
c) thyroglobulin (TG)
d) thyroperoxidase (TPO)
e) troponin
f) deiodinase
Which of the following molecules IS NOT involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones?
a) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
b) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
c) thyroglobulin (TG)
d) thyroperoxidase (TPO)
e) troponin
f) deiodinase
Which of the following about the hormones of the thyroid gland are true?
a) T3 has higher biological activity than T4
b) T4 has higher biological activity than T3
c) hyperthyroidism is characterized with elevated levels of TSH, while the levels of T3 and T4 are lowered
d) hypothyroidism is characterized with elevated levels of TSH, while the levels of T3 and T4 are lowered
e) they bind to cell surface receptors
f) they bind to type I intracellular receptors
g) they bind to type II intracellular receptors
Which of the following about the hormones of the thyroid gland are true?
a) T3 has higher biological activity than T4
b) T4 has higher biological activity than T3
c) hyperthyroidism is characterized with elevated levels of TSH, while the levels of T3 and T4 are lowered
d) hypothyroidism is characterized with elevated levels of TSH, while the levels of T3 and T4 are lowered
e) they bind to cell surface receptors
f) they bind to type I intracellular receptors
g) they bind to type II intracellular receptors
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is used for synthesis of:
a) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b) melatonin
c) a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)
d) endorphins
e) somatostatin
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is used for synthesis of:
a) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b) melatonin
c) α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
d) endorphins
e) somatostatin
The steroid hormones are derivatives of:
a) fatty acids with odd number of C-atoms
b) cholesterol
c) sphingosine
d) bile acids
The steroid hormones are derivatives of:
a) fatty acids with odd number of C-atoms
b) cholesterol
c) sphingosine
d) bile acids
Draw an arrow between each zone of the adrenal cortex and the group of steroid hormones that it secretes:
Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
Androgens, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids
Draw an arrow between each zone of the adrenal cortex and the group of steroid hormones that it secretes:
Zona glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - Androgens
Which of the following hormones do not stimulate gluconeogenesis?
a) insulin
b) adrenaline
c) cortisol
d) growth hormone
e) vasopressin
Which of the following hormones do not stimulate gluconeogenesis?
a) insulin
b) adrenaline
c) cortisol
d) growth hormone
e) vasopressin
The biological activity of aldosterone:
a) is to regulate mineral homeostasis
b) is to regulate muscle contractions
c) is to regulate calcium homeostasis
d) results in excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys
e) results in reabsorption of sodium and water
f) causes activation of the gene expression for the Na*/K* pump
The biological activity of aldosterone:
a) is to regulate mineral homeostasis
b) is to regulate muscle contractions
c) is to regulate calcium homeostasis
d) results in excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys
e) results in reabsorption of sodium and water
f) causes activation of the gene expression for the Na*/K* pump
Glucocorticoids:
a) do not affect carbohydrate metabolism
b) stimulate gluconeogenesis
c) do not affect inflammation
d) inhibit inflammation and the activity of NF-KB
e) bind to nuclear receptors
f) bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm
Glucocorticoids:
a) do not affect carbohydrate metabolism
b) stimulate gluconeogenesis
c) do not affect inflammation
d) inhibit inflammation and the activity of NF-KB
e) bind to nuclear receptors
f) bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm
Which of the following statements about the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are true?
a) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) acts via a cell plasma membrane bound receptor, which in turn activates the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC)
b) both follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones activate an enzyme called desmolase in gonads
c) both testosterone and estradiol regulate the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland, and the secretion of GRH from the hypothalamus on the principle of negative feedback regulation
d) the increased levels of circulating sex hormones remove the inhibitory effect on the synthesis of GRH, using the mechanism of negative feedback regulation, thus stimulate the secretion of both FSH and LH
Which of the following statements about the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are true?
a) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) acts via a cell plasma membrane bound receptor, which in turn activates the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC)
b) both follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones activate an enzyme called desmolase in gonads
c) both testosterone and estradiol regulate the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland, and the secretion of GRH from the hypothalamus on the principle of negative feedback regulation
d) the increased levels of circulating sex hormones remove the inhibitory effect on the synthesis of GRH, using the mechanism of negative feedback regulation, thus stimulate the secretion of both FSH and LH
Which of the following molecules is known as prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?
a) angiotensin
b) oxytocin
c) dopamine
d) noradrenaline
Which of the following molecules is known as prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?
a) angiotensin
b) oxytocin
c) dopamine
d) noradrenaline
Which hormone is more active: testosterone or dihydrotestosterone?
Which hormone is more active: testosterone or dihydrotestosterone?
dihydrotestosterone
Which of the following molecules are participants in the process of steroid hormones synthesis?
a) isoprene
b) cholesterol
c) pregnenolone
d) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
e) progesterone
f) 7a-hydroxycholesterol
Which of the following molecules are participants in the process of steroid hormones synthesis?
a) isoprene
b) cholesterol
c) pregnenolone
d) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
e) progesterone
f) 7a-hydroxycholesterol
Which of the following intracellular cascades can be triggered by the growth hormone (GH)?
a) JAK-STAT
b) cascades that require the enzyme activity of adenylyl cyclase
c) the MAPK cascades
d) cascades that require the enzyme activity of phospholipase C
e) the P13K pathway
Which of the following intracellular cascades can be triggered by the growth hormone (GH)?
a) JAK-STAT
b) cascades that require the enzyme activity of adenylyl cyclase
c) the MAPK cascades
d) cascades that require the enzyme activity of phospholipase C
e) the P13K pathway
Which of the following statements about the intracellular receptor are true?
a) they are proteins
b) they are located in the cytosol or in the nucleus
c) they can form complexes with heat shock proteins (hsp)
d) they recognize specific sequences in DNA
e) they activate the gene expression
f) they interact with transcription factors
g) they are classified as type 1 and type 2 receptors
h) they regulate lipid metabolism
I) the receptors for thyroid hormones, vit. D3 and retinoic acid are located in the cytosol
j) steroid hormone receptors are located in the nucleus
Which of the following statements about the intracellular receptor are true?
a) they are proteins
b) they are located in the cytosol or in the nucleus
c) they can form complexes with heat shock proteins (hsp)
d) they recognize specific sequences in DNA
e) they activate the gene expression
f) they interact with transcription factors
g) they are classified as type 1 and type 2 receptors
h) they regulate lipid metabolism
I) the receptors for thyroid hormones, vit. D3 and retinoic acid are located in the cytosol
j) steroid hormone receptors are located in the nucleus
The tumor cells differ from the normal cells in regards of their:
a) shape
b) ability to form monolayer culture
c) loss of contact inhibition
d) the type of the occurring metabolic processes
e) the different intensity of the metabolic processes
f) the ability to perform both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
g) the ability to synthesize embryonic proteins
h) the ability to metastasize and invade normal tissues
i) increased catabolism of pyrimidines
j) abnormal synthesis of certain growth factors and hormones
k) higher degree of differentiation
l) decreased ribonucleotide reductase activity
m) increased synthesis of DNA and RNA
The tumor cells differ from the normal cells in regards of their:
a) shape
b) ability to form monolayer culture
c) loss of contact inhibition
d) the type of the occurring metabolic processes
e) the different intensity of the metabolic processes
f) the ability to perform both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
g) the ability to synthesize embryonic proteins
h) the ability to metastasize and invade normal tissues
i) increased catabolism of pyrimidines
j) abnormal synthesis of certain growth factors and hormones
k) higher degree of differentiation
l) decreased ribonucleotide reductase activity
m) increased synthesis of DNA and RNA
Which of the following genes function as tumor suppressor genes?
a) Erb-B
b) ras
c) p53
d) myc
e) RBI
Which of the following genes function as tumor suppressor genes?
a) Erb-B
b) ras
c) p53
d) myc
e) RBI
P-glycoprotein:
a) stimulates cell adhesion
b) triggers metastasis
c) facilitates tumor invasion
d) acts as a membrane pump
e) causes multidrug resistance
P-glycoprotein:
a) stimulates cell adhesion
b) triggers metastasis
c) facilitates tumor invasion
d) acts as a membrane pump
e) causes multidrug resistance
Indicate the correct statements about the receptors and signal transduction.
1) the receptor molecule is the one that recognizes and binds the signaling molecule
2) receptors can be located both on cell membranes and intracellularly
3) after activation, the receptor becomes a secondary mediator and transmits information to metabolic pathways
4) intracellular receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands
5) usually signaling cascades starting with activation of membrane receptors require secondary messengers for the transduction of the signal
Indicate the correct statements about the receptors and signal transduction.
1) the receptor molecule is the one that recognizes and binds the signaling molecule
2) receptors can be located both on cell membranes and intracellularly
3) after activation, the receptor becomes a secondary mediator and transmits information to metabolic pathways
4) intracellular receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands
5) usually signaling cascades starting with activation of membrane receptors require secondary messengers for the transduction of the signal
Choose the correct answers, describing the molecular features of the MAPK signaling pathway.
1) the pathway requires a change in Ca2+ levels to be activated
2) the pathway requires a change in cAMP levels to be activated
3) the pathway is a three-step cascade of activation of serine/threonine protein kinases that transfer information to transcription factors
4) the activated enzymes in this pathway belong to the group of serine proteases
5) the activation of some of the protein kinases from the pathway requires activation of a protein from the small G-protein family (Ras)
Choose the correct answers, describing the molecular features of the MAPK signaling pathway.
1) the pathway requires a change in Ca2+ levels to be activated
2) the pathway requires a change in cAMP levels to be activated
3) the pathway is a three-step cascade of activation of serine/threonine protein kinases that transfer information to transcription factors
4) the activated enzymes in this pathway belong to the group of serine proteases
5) the activation of some of the protein kinases from the pathway requires activation of a protein from the small G-protein family (Ras)
Choose the correct statements about the phosphoinositide system.
1) activates protein kinase B (PKB)
2) activates protein kinase C (PKC)
3) the second messengers inositol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol are formed
4) the second messengers phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol are formed
5) receptors, having a tyrosine kinase activity, are part of this signaling pathway
Choose the correct statements about the phosphoinositide system.
1) activates protein kinase B (PKB)
2) activates protein kinase C (PKC)
3) the second messengers inositol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol are formed
4) the second messengers phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol are formed
5) receptors, having a tyrosine kinase activity, are part of this signaling pathway
Which of the following statements about the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are TRUE?
1) it is formed in the pituitary gland as a glycoprotein with two peptide chains
2) it is formed in the hypothalamus as a tropic hormone
3) T4 and T3 increase the synthesis and secretion of TSH
4) T4 and T3 decrease the synthesis and secretion of TSH
5) it activates the enzyme thyroid peroxidase
Which of the following statements about the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are TRUE?
1) it is formed in the pituitary gland as a glycoprotein with two peptide chains
2) it is formed in the hypothalamus as a tropic hormone
3) T4 and T3 increase the synthesis and secretion of TSH
4) T4 and T3 decrease the synthesis and secretion of TSH
5) it activates the enzyme thyroid peroxidase
Choose the correct statements about the hormone cortisol.
1) the enzymes involved in its synthesis are: 17a-hydroxylase, 3ß-OH-steroid dehydrogenase: 45,4 isomerase, 21-hydroxylase, 11ß-OH-steroid dehydrogenase
2) the enzymes involved in its synthesis are: 17a-hydroxylase, 3B-OH-steroid dehydrogenase: 454 isomerase, 21-hydroxylase, 11ß-hydroxylase
3) its main effect on carbohydrate metabolism is to activate glycolysis
4) it is a feedback activator of the formation of CRH and ACTH
5) it is a feedback inhibitor of the formation of CRH and ACTH
Choose the correct statements about the hormone cortisol.
1) the enzymes involved in its synthesis are: 17a-hydroxylase, 3ß-OH-steroid dehydrogenase: 45,4 isomerase, 21-hydroxylase, 11ß-OH-steroid dehydrogenase
2) the enzymes involved in its synthesis are: 17a-hydroxylase, 3B-OH-steroid dehydrogenase: 454 isomerase, 21-hydroxylase, 11ß-hydroxylase
3) its main effect on carbohydrate metabolism is to activate glycolysis
4) it is a feedback activator of the formation of CRH and ACTH
5) it is a feedback inhibitor of the formation of CRH and ACTH
Choose the correct statements about the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
1) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts through a plasma membrane receptor, which stimulation leads to the activation of guanylyl cyclase
2) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are steroid hormones with lipophilic structure
3) testosterone and estradiol regulate the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland and GnRH from the hypothalamus on the principle of a negative feedback
4) enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex hormones are aromatase and 5a-reductase
5) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be sulfated and can enter peripheral tissues to be used for local synthesis of sex hormones
Choose the correct statements about the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
1) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts through a plasma membrane receptor, which stimulation leads to the activation of guanylyl cyclase
2) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are steroid hormones with lipophilic structure
3) testosterone and estradiol regulate the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland and GnRH from the hypothalamus on the principle of a negative feedback
4) enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex hormones are aromatase and 5a-reductase
5) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be sulfated and can enter peripheral tissues to be used for local synthesis of sex hormones
Which of the following statement about angiotensin II is TRUE?
1) it is produced by the action of renin on the N-terminus of angiotensinogen
2) it leads to a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
3) it induces the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
4) it is one of the most potent naturally occurring vasodilators
5) it is a derivative of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following statement about angiotensin II is TRUE?
1) it is produced by the action of renin on the N-terminus of angiotensinogen
2) it leads to a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
3) it induces the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
4) it is one of the most potent naturally occurring vasodilators
5) it is a derivative of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Tyrosine is a precursor for the synthesis of:
1) serotonin
2) noradrenalin
3) thyroid hormones
4) dopamine
5) melatonin
Tyrosine is a precursor for the synthesis of:
1) serotonin
2) noradrenalin
3) thyroid hormones
4) dopamine
5) melatonin
NF-KR:
1) is a transcription factor
2) is an enzyme
3) is a heterodimeric complex
4) is a heterotrimeric complex
5) is inhibited by glucocorticoids
NF-KR:
1) is a transcription factor
2) is an enzyme
3) is a heterodimeric complex
4) is a heterotrimeric complex
5) is inhibited by glucocorticoids
List the most characteristic signaling pathways used by the hormone insulin?
List the most characteristic signaling pathways used by the hormone insulin?
PI3K-Akt pathway → metabolic actions → glucose uptake, glycogen/lipid synthesis
MAPK pathway → mitogenic/growth-related effects
mTOR pathway → protein synthesis and cell growth
Which of the following statements about hormones are true?
1) hydrophobic hormones are transported across the cell membrane and bound by intracellular receptors
2) hydrophilic hormones do not enter the cells and and bound by cell membrane receptors
3) hydrophilic hormones are transported across the cell membrane and bound by intracellular receptors
4) hydrophobic hormones do not enter cells and bound by receptors on the cell membrane
5) are effective only at very high concentrations
Which of the following statements about hormones are true?
1) hydrophobic hormones are transported across the cell membrane and bound by intracellular receptors
2) hydrophilic hormones do not enter the cells and and bound by cell membrane receptors
3) hydrophilic hormones are transported across the cell membrane and bound by intracellular receptors
4) hydrophobic hormones do not enter cells and bound by receptors on the cell membrane
5) are effective only at very high concentrations
Indicate the correct statement about the receptors located on the cell membrane.
1) receptors with tyrosine kinase activity catalyse autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of other signaling molecules
2) membrane receptors whose intracellular regions associate with G-proteins do not have an extracellular region
3) after activation, the receptor is transformed as a second messenger and transmits the information to the downstream component of the signaling pathway
4) after activation, the receptor undergoes a process of "maturation" by cleavage of small peptides, which transmit the information to the downstream component
5) after activation, the receptor is translocated to the nucleus and affects gene expression
Indicate the correct statement about the receptors located on the cell membrane.
1) receptors with tyrosine kinase activity catalyse autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of other signaling molecules
2) membrane receptors whose intracellular regions associate with G-proteins do not have an extracellular region
3) after activation, the receptor is transformed as a second messenger and transmits the information to the downstream component of the signaling pathway
4) after activation, the receptor undergoes a process of "maturation" by cleavage of small peptides, which transmit the information to the downstream component
5) after activation, the receptor is translocated to the nucleus and affects gene expression
Which of the following hormones have a membrane receptor?
1) retinoic acid
2) steroid hormones
3) ACTH
4) glucagon
5) calcitriol
Which of the following hormones have a membrane receptor?
1) retinoic acid
2) steroid hormones
3) ACTH
4) glucagon
5) calcitriol
Which of the following statements about thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) are TRUE?
1) it is synthesized in the pituitary gland
2) it is synthesized in the hypothalamus
3) the binding to the receptors (TRH-Rs) leads to stimulation of phospholipase C
4) the binding to the receptors (TRH-Rs) leads to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
5) it stimulates the biosynthesis of TSH subunits and their glycosylation
Which of the following statements about thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) are TRUE?
1) it is synthesized in the pituitary gland
2) it is synthesized in the hypothalamus
3) the binding to the receptors (TRH-Rs) leads to stimulation of phospholipase C
4) the binding to the receptors (TRH-Rs) leads to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
5) it stimulates the biosynthesis of TSH subunits and their glycosylation
Which of the following statements about growth hormone are TRUE?
1) it is formed by somatotropic cells of the anterior part of the pituitary gland
2) its receptor is transmembrane and is associated with a tyrosine kinase of the Janus kinase family (Jak)
3) it is formed by the posterior part of the pituitary gland
4) it belongs to a group of hormones that are glycoproteins with two peptide chains
5) it is synthesized in the pituitary gland from a common hormone precursor called proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Which of the following statements about growth hormone are TRUE?
1) it is formed by somatotropic cells of the anterior part of the pituitary gland
2) its receptor is transmembrane and is associated with a tyrosine kinase of the Janus kinase family (Jak)
3) it is formed by the posterior part of the pituitary gland
4) it belongs to a group of hormones that are glycoproteins with two peptide chains
5) it is synthesized in the pituitary gland from a common hormone precursor called proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Indicate the correct features of the insulin signaling pathway
1) insulin has a membrane receptor that does not have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and activated intracellular tyrosine kinases
2) insulin has a membrane receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
3) insulin activates the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway
4) a MAP kinase cascade is activated
5) JAK-STAT signaling path is activated
Indicate the correct features of the insulin signaling pathway
1) insulin has a membrane receptor that does not have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and activated intracellular tyrosine kinases
2) insulin has a membrane receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
3) insulin activates the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway
4) a MAP kinase cascade is activated
5) JAK-STAT signaling path is activated
Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) are TRUE"
1) it has a short half-life
2) it is formed from arginine
3) it is formed from citrulline
4) it is formed by five different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase
5) it diffuses into adiacent cells where it stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase to form cGMP
Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) are TRUE"
1) it has a short half-life
2) it is formed from arginine
3) it is formed from citrulline
4) it is formed by five different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase
5) it diffuses into adiacent cells where it stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase to form cGMP
The parathyroid hormone (PTH):
1) it affects bones by inhibition of the osteoclast activity, resulting in decreased plasma levels of Ca2+ and phosphate
2) it decreases the phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys and thus it stimulates phosphate excretion
3) it stimulating Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys and thus it leads to increase of calcium in blood
4) it inhibits the biosynthesis of calcitriol from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is responsible for Ca2+ absorption in the intestines
5) it stimulates the biosynthesis of calcitriol from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is responsible for Ca2+ absorption in the intestines
The parathyroid hormone (PTH):
1) it affects bones by inhibition of the osteoclast activity, resulting in decreased plasma levels of Ca2+ and phosphate
2) it decreases the phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys and thus it stimulates phosphate excretion
3) it stimulating Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys and thus it leads to increase of calcium in blood
4) it inhibits the biosynthesis of calcitriol from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is responsible for Ca2+ absorption in the intestines
5) it stimulates the biosynthesis of calcitriol from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is responsible for Ca2+ absorption in the intestines
Which of the following statements about the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones are true?
1) aldosterone is synthesized and secreted by zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
2) pregnenolone is a common intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of only cortisol and aldosterone
3) cortisol is secreted by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex after stimulation by ACTH
4) angiotensinogen stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
5) androstenedione, aldosterone and cortisol are the main hormones of the adrenal cortex
Which of the following statements about the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones are true?
1) aldosterone is synthesized and secreted by zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
2) pregnenolone is a common intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of only cortisol and aldosterone
3) cortisol is secreted by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex after stimulation by ACTH
4) angiotensinogen stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
5) androstenedione, aldosterone and cortisol are the main hormones of the adrenal cortex
Which is the intracellular signal - the second messenger of hydrophobic hormones that easily pass through the cell membrane?
Which is the intracellular signal - the second messenger of hydrophobic/lipophilic hormones that easily pass through the cell membrane?
type 1 and type 2 receptor
Which of the following hormones are cholesterol derivatives:
Calcitriol
Cortisol
T3 and T4
Estradiol
ACTH
Which of the following hormones are cholesterol derivatives:
Calcitriol
Cortisol
T3 and T4
Estradiol
ACTH
Which of the following statements about insulin receptor is TRUE?
it has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
it is located in the nucleus
it is a dimer composed of two α and two ß subunits
it is coupled with G-protein
Which of the following statements about insulin receptor is TRUE?
it has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
it is located in the nucleus
it is a dimer composed of two α and two ß subunits
it is coupled with G-protein
Which of the following is TRUE:
CAMP is a key second messenger in the transduction of hormone signals
Adenylyl cyclase is activated by insulin
Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the synthesis of AMP from ATP
Hormones like adrenaline, glucagon and ACTH use cGMP as second messenger
Which of the following is TRUE:
CAMP is a key second messenger in the transduction of hormone signals
Adenylyl cyclase is activated by insulin
Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the synthesis of AMP from ATP
Hormones like adrenaline, glucagon and ACTH use cGMP as second messenger
Which of the following is TRUE:
Insulin receptor has serine/threonine kinase activity
Binding of insulin to its membrane receptor stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity of the ß-subunits
Insulin is a lipophilic hormone
Cortisol is a lipophilic hormone
Which of the following is TRUE:
Insulin receptor has serine/threonine kinase activity
Binding of insulin to its membrane receptor stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity of the ß-subunits
Insulin is a lipophilic hormone
Cortisol is a lipophilic hormone
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Cholesterol side chain cleavage by P450 scc results in production pregnenolone
Cortisol is produced in zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone is produced in zona reticularis
Testosterone biosynthesis requires aromatase activity
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Cholesterol side chain cleavage by P450 scc results in production pregnenolone
Cortisol is produced in zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone is produced in zona reticularis
Testosterone biosynthesis requires aromatase activity
Which of the following are second messengers:
CAMP
Inositol- 1,4,5- triphosphate
Triacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol
Ca2+ and calmodulin
Which of the following are second messengers:
CAMP
Inositol- 1,4,5- triphosphate
Triacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol
Ca2+ and calmodulin
Which of the following hormones stimulate adenylyl cyclase:
Insulin
ACTH
Growth hormone
Testosterone
Glucagon
Which of the following hormones stimulate adenylyl cyclase:
Insulin
ACTH
Growth hormone
Testosterone
Glucagon
Which of the following hormones have cell-surface receptors?
epinephrine
testosterone
calcitriol
insulin
dopamine
retinols
Which of the following hormones have cell-surface receptors?
epinephrine
testosterone
calcitriol
insulin
dopamine
retinols
Based on their mechanism of action the hormones are:
Autocrine
Peptide
Steroid
Paracrine
Endocrine
Based on their mechanism of action the hormones are:
Autocrine
Peptide
Steroid
Paracrine
Endocrine
Which of the following hormones bind to intracellular receptors:
Thyroid hormones
TSH
Glucagon
ACTH
Steroid hormones
Which of the following hormones bind to intracellular receptors:
Thyroid hormones
TSH
Glucagon
ACTH
Steroid hormones
Which of the following hormones have cell surface receptors:
Glucagon
Testosterone
Insulin
T4 and T3
Growth hormone
Which of the following hormones have cell surface receptors:
Glucagon
Testosterone
Insulin
T4 and T3
Growth hormone
Which of the following statements about insulin receptor is TRUE
it has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
it is located in the nucleus
it is a dimer composed of two a and two ß subunits
it is coupled with G-protein
Which of the following statements about insulin receptor is TRUE
it has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
it is located in the nucleus
it is a dimer composed of two a and two ß subunits
it is coupled with G-protein
Which are the mediators of the signal of lipophilic hormones?
Ca2+
Inositol-1,4,5-trisphospahte
hormone-receptor complex
DAG
Which are the mediators of the signal of lipophilic hormones?
Ca2+
Inositol-1,4,5-trisphospahte
hormone-receptor complex
DAG
Which of the following statements about thyroid hormones are TRUE?
T4 can be a product both of the thyroid and the peripheral tissues
T3 can be a product both of the thyroid and the peripheral tissues
T3 is more active than T4
Thyroid receptors are cytosolic intracellular
Which of the following statements about thyroid hormones are TRUE?
T4 can be a product both of the thyroid and the peripheral tissues
T3 can be a product both of the thyroid and the peripheral tissues
T3 is more active than T4
Thyroid receptors are cytosolic intracellular
Which of the following statements about aldosterone are TRUE?
its synthesis is stimulated by ACTH
its synthesis is stimulated by angiotensin II
it decreases K+ and H+ excretion
it increases Na+ and water reabsorption
its receptors are cytosolic intracellular
it is synthesized in zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Which of the following statements about aldosterone are TRUE?
its synthesis is stimulated by ACTH
its synthesis is stimulated by angiotensin II
it decreases K+ and H+ excretion
it increases Na+ and water reabsorption
its receptors are cytosolic intracellular
it is synthesized in zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Which of the following hormones are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
FSH
Prolactin
ACTH
ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
Which of the following hormones are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
FSH
Prolactin
ACTH
ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
divergention of the signal means that different signal pathways have the same common targets or intermediate components
crosstalk of the signals means that one signal molecule can transmit signals from different extracellular messengers (signal molecules)
acetylcholine transmit its signals through receptors associated with ion channels
acetylcholine transmit its signals through receptors associated with intrinsic serine-threonine kinase activity
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
divergention of the signal means that different signal pathways have the same common targets or intermediate components
crosstalk of the signals means that one signal molecule can transmit signals from different extracellular messengers (signal molecules)
acetylcholine transmit its signals through receptors associated with ion channels
acetylcholine transmit its signals through receptors associated with intrinsic serine-threonine kinase activity
Which of the following about testosterone is NOT TRUE:
Testosterone is a lipophilic hormone
Testosterone has cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity
Testosterone is formed from dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in peripheral tissues
DHT is formed from testosterone in reaction catalyzed by 5-a-reductase
Which of the following about testosterone is NOT TRUE:
Testosterone is a lipophilic hormone
Testosterone has cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity
Testosterone is formed from dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in peripheral tissues
DHT is formed from testosterone in reaction catalyzed by 5-a-reductase
Ras protein is a key regulator in cell proliferation and its activity is enhanced by activated tyrosine kinase. Its action include:
Formation of cAMP
Formation of cGMP
Initiation of a cascade in which several kinases are activated sequentially by phosphorylation
Ras is a heterotrimeiric G-protein
Ras protein is a key regulator in cell proliferation and its activity is enhanced by activated tyrosine kinase. Its action include:
Formation of cAMP
Formation of cGMP
Initiation of a cascade in which several kinases are activated sequentially by phosphorylation
Ras is a heterotrimeiric G-protein
Which of the following is TRUE:
Adrenaline and Glucagon inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Aldosterone increases blood pressure
The major driving force for aldosterone biosynthesis is angiotensin II
Which of the following is TRUE:
Adrenaline and Glucagon inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Aldosterone increases blood pressure
The major driving force for aldosterone biosynthesis is angiotensin II
Which of the following is TRUE:
The active form of vit. D3 is calcitriol
Vit. D3 is synthesized in the skin from 7- dehydrocholesterol under UV-light
Calcitriol inhibits the intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
Calcitriol plays important role in bone mineralization
Which of the following is TRUE:
The active form of vit. D3 is calcitriol
Vit. D3 is synthesized in the skin from 7- dehydrocholesterol under UV-light
Calcitriol inhibits the intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
Calcitriol plays important role in bone mineralization
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
FSH
Prolactin
Renin
ADH
Oxytocin
TRH
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
FSH
Prolactin
Renin
ADH
Oxytocin
TRH
Insulin:
can signal through MAPK pathway
triggers cAMP- dependent pathway
can signal through P13K-pathway
has dimeric receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
Insulin:
can signal through MAPK pathway
triggers cAMP- dependent pathway
can signal through P13K-pathway
has dimeric receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
Which of the following hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary gland:
ACTH
TSH
Angiotensin 2
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Prolactin
Which of the following hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary gland:
ACTH
TSH
Angiotensin 2
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Prolactin
Which of the following enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids the adrenal cortex:
21-hydroxylase
1-a-hydroxylase
3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ5,4-isomerase
cyt. P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc)
5-a-reductase
Which of the following enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids the adrenal cortex:
21-hydroxylase
1-a-hydroxylase
3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ5,4-isomerase
cyt. P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc)
5-a-reductase
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Cholesterol side chain cleavage by P450 scc results in production of pregnolone
Cortisol is produced in zone fasciculata
Aldosterone is produced in zona reticularis
Estrogens biosynthesis requires aromatase activity
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Cholesterol side chain cleavage by P450 scc results in production of pregnolone
Cortisol is produced in zone fasciculata
Aldosterone is produced in zona reticularis
Estrogens biosynthesis requires aromatase activity
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine
The synthesis of thyroid hormones is stimulated by TSH
T4 is more active than T3
lodine transport in the thyroid follicle is energy dependent
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine
The synthesis of thyroid hormones is stimulated by TSH
T4 is more active than T3
lodine transport in the thyroid follicle is energy dependent
What happens to protein kinase A (PKA) following the binding of cAMP?
the regulatory subunits of PKA dissociate, therby activating the catalytic subunits
PKA catalytic subunits bind to the regulatory subunits
the regulatory subunits dissociate from the catalytic subunits causing inactivation of the enzyme
What happens to protein kinase A (PKA) following the binding of cAMP?
the regulatory subunits of PKA dissociate, therby activating the catalytic subunits
PKA catalytic subunits bind to the regulatory subunits
the regulatory subunits dissociate from the catalytic subunits causing inactivation of the enzyme
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 derive from threonine
TSH and ACTH bind to cell surface G-proteins coupled receptors (GPCR)
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that consists of A and B chain
ACTH and endorphins derive from a large precursor called POMC
Which of the following is NOT TRUE:
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 derive from threonine
TSH and ACTH bind to cell surface G-proteins coupled receptors (GPCR)
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that consists of A and B chain
ACTH and endorphins derive from a large precursor called POMC
List at least 3 second messengers in the process of signal transduction
List at least 3 second messengers in the process of signal transduction
cAMP
cGMP
Calcium
Which of the following statements about hypothyroidism are TRUE:
the blood levels of TSH are lower
the blood levels of TSH are higher
increased thermogenesis
decreased thermogenesis
unchanged metabolic rate
Which of the following statements about hypothyroidism are TRUE:
the blood levels of TSH are lower
the blood levels of TSH are higher
increased thermogenesis
decreased thermogenesis
unchanged metabolic rate
Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
CYP 450 side chain cleavage enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of all the steroid hormones
25-dehydrogenase is the main regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of calcitriol
Calcitriol causes a decrease of blood Ca2+ levels
Cortisol has a prominent hyperglycemic effect
Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
CYP 450 side chain cleavage enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of all the steroid hormones
25-dehydrogenase is the main regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of calcitriol
Calcitriol causes a decrease of blood Ca2+ levels
Cortisol has a prominent hyperglycemic effect
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
testosterone is less potent androgen than 5-dihydrotestosterone
glucocorticoids are synthesized in zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland
angiotensin II stimulates the production of aldosterone in zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
testosterone is converted into estradiol by 17-ketoreduetase (17ß- dehydrogenase)
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
testosterone is less potent androgen than 5-dihydrotestosterone
glucocorticoids are synthesized in zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland
angiotensin II stimulates the production of aldosterone in zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
testosterone is converted into estradiol by 17-ketoreduetase (17ß- dehydrogenase)
Based on their chemical composition hormones are:
peptide
autocrine
paracrine
steroid
derivatives of amino acids
Based on their chemical composition hormones are:
peptide
autocrine
paracrine
steroid
derivatives of amino acids
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
Phosphodiesterase is inhibited by insulin
Epinephrine and ACTH use cAMP as a second messenger
Insulin uses PI3K signaling pathway
Guanylyl cyclase activates protein kinase C (PKC)
Which of the following statements are TRUE:
Phosphodiesterase is inhibited by insulin
Epinephrine and ACTH use cAMP as a second messenger
Insulin uses PI3K signaling pathway
Guanylyl cyclase activates protein kinase C (PKC)
Which of the following hormones derive from amino acids?
estradiol
epinephrine
thyroid hormones
calcitriol
dopamine
Which of the following hormones derive from amino acids?
estradiol
epinephrine
thyroid hormones
calcitriol
dopamine
Which of the following statements about hyperthyroidism are TRUE?
the blood levels of TSH are higher
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
increased thermogenesis
decreased thermogenesis
the blood levels of TSH are lower
Which of the following statements about hyperthyroidism are TRUE?
the blood levels of TSH are higher
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
increased thermogenesis
decreased thermogenesis
the blood levels of TSH are lower
List at least three groups of plasma membrane receptors
List at least three groups of plasma membrane receptors
Ion
G protein coupled receptor
Death receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
are associated with monomeric G-proteins
are receptors for lipophilic hormones
transmit the signal of epinephrine and glucagon
have an intracellular domain rich in tyrosine
G protein-coupled receptors
are associated with monomeric G-proteins
are receptors for lipophilic hormones
transmit the signal of epinephrine and glucagon
have an intracellular domain rich in tyrosine
Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
glucocorticoids are synthesized in zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
adrenal androgens are DHEA and 5-dihydrotestosterone
5-dihydrotestosterone is more potent androgen than testosterone
renin stimulates the conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
17-hydroxylase is the principle regulatory enzyme in steroidogenesis
Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
glucocorticoids are synthesized in zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
adrenal androgens are DHEA and 5-dihydrotestosterone
5-dihydrotestosterone is more potent androgen than testosterone
renin stimulates the conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
17-hydroxylase is the principle regulatory enzyme in steroidogenesis