MRI MOCK REGISTRY

______________ discovered the spin echo phenomenon for nuclear magnetic resonance measurements.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Erwin Hahn

D. Raymond Damadian

E. Michael Faraday

C. Erwin Hahn

________ conceived the idea of echo planar imaging, which can rapidly scan the whole brain. He and his colleagues publish the first successful MRI of a living human body part - a finger

A. Peter Mansfield

B. Raymond Damadian

C. Michael Faraday

D. Sir Joseph Larmor

A. Peter Mansfield

____________ and _____________ won the 2003 Nobel Prize in medicine for their work in the 1970's developing MR imaging techniques and capabilities

A. Faulkner; Roth

B. Faraday; Larmor

C. Lauterbur; Mansfield

D. Ernst; Damadian

C. Lauterbur; Mansfield

_________ coined the word "electricity" and was the first to realize that the Earth was a giant magnet.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Nikola Tesla

C. Michael Faraday

D. William Gilbert

E. James Clerk Maxwell

D. William Gilbert

____________ discovered that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished by NMR because of their relaxation times.

A. Damadian

B. Lauterbur

C. Bloch

D. Larmor

A. Damadian

________________ developed equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. James Clerk Maxwell

E. James Clerk Maxwell

_____________developed equation showing precession of nuclear spins being proportional to magnetic field strength

A. Raymond Damadian

B. Felix Bloch

C. Richard Ernst

D. Sir Joseph Larmor

D. Sir Joseph Larmor

In 1975, ___________ introduced 2D NMR using phase and frequency encoding, and the Fourier Transform

A. Raymond Damadian

B. Richard Ernst

C. Joseph Larmor

D. Felix Bloch

B. Richard Ernst

_______________ discovered that a charged particle, such as a proton, spinning around its own axis, has a magnetic field, known as magnetic momentum.

A. Paul Lauterbur

B. Felix Bloch

C. Raymond Damadian

D. Michael Faraday

B. Felix Bloch

____________ developed the mathematical equation to analyze the heat transfer between solid bodies, later becoming the basis for the rapid processing of phase and frequency signals in MRI.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. Michael Faraday

C. Joseph Fourier

Functional MRI (fMRI) was developed in:

A. 1946

B. 1954

C. 1977

D. 1991

D. 1991

________ and _________ won the Nobel Prize in 1952 for their invention of equipment which could measure the magnetic resonance in solids and fluids.

A. Lauterbur; Mansfield

B. Bloch; Purcell

C. Bloch; Maxwell

D. Larmor; Fourier

E. Faraday; Rabi

B. Bloch; Purcell

______________ discovered that a current flowing through a wire could produce a magnetic field.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. Michael Faraday

B. Hans Christian Oersted

In the year ______, Schering's _________ IV Gadolinium contrast gets the first approval by the FDA

A. 1977; Indomitable

B. 1981; Iodinatable

C. 1988; Magnevist

D. 1991; RARE

C. 1988; Magnevist

The SI unit of magnetic field strength is named after:

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. Michael Faraday

D. Nikola Tesla

____________ discovered and developed the first rotating magnetic field.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. Michael Faraday

D. Nikola Tesla

________________ discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny electric current flows through the wire.

A. Sir Joseph Larmor

B. Hans Christian Oersted

C. Joseph Fourier

D. Nikola Tesla

E. Michael Faraday

E. Michael Faraday

n _____, Damadian and his team constructed the first super conducting NMR scanner and produced the first image of the human thorax, which took almost 5 hours to scan

A. 1946

B. 1952

C. 1977

D. 1981

C. 1977

In the 1930's- _______________ detected and measured single states of rotation of atoms and molecules, determining the magnetic moments of the nuclei

A. Felix Bloch

B. Richard Ernst

C. Isidor Isaac Rabi

D. Sir Joseph Larmor

C. Isidor Isaac Rabi

The type of rock upon which magnetism was discovered is called?

A. Plutonium

B. Magnetite

C. Lodestone

D. Galactacite

E. B and/or C

E. B and/or C

An abbreviation for a Latin word that means nothing by mouth?

NPO

Which of the following is short for 3 times/daily?

tid

TR is short for:

repetition time

TE is short for:

Echo time

TI is short for:

Inversion time

DSC refers to:

Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast

DCE refers to

Dynamic Contrast Enhancement

ADC stands for:

Analog to digital converter or Apparent diffusion coefficient

NMV is short for:

Net magnetization vector

SSFP is an abbreviation for:

Steady state free precession

RBW is an abbreviation for:

Receiver bandwidth

FA is short for:

Fractional anisotrophy and/or flip angle

NSA is an abbreviation for:

Number of signals averaged

NEX is short for:

Number of excitations

FSE is an abbreviation for:

Fast spin echo

LPM stands for:

liters per minute

mmol is short for:

millimol

Which of the following is short for 2 times/daily?

bid

Contrast reactions are very rare in MRI injections,_________ is the most commonly reported contrast reaction.

Headache

A pediatric patient undergoing an MRI with conscious sedation should be given nothing by mouth (NPO) for _______ hours before sedation.

4hrs

Sedated patients must always be monitored with:

pulse oximeter

Which of the following is used in the MRI suite to monitor patients?

I. Blood Pressure

II. ECG

III. Pulse Oximeter

IV. End Tidal CO2

I, II, III and IV

Increasing TR (Repetition Time):

-Increase SNR

-Increase Scan Time

-Decrease SAR

-Decrease T1 Weighting

-Increase Slices

-No effect on detail

Increasing TE (Echo Time):

-Decrease SNR

-Increase Scan Time

-Increase T2 Weighting

-Decrease Slices

-No effect on detail or SAR

Increasing FOV:

-Increase SNR

-Decrease Spatial Resolution

-Increase Coverage area

-No effect on Scan time or SAR

Increasing # of Slices:

-SNR = Unchanged

-Increased Scan time (Increased TR Required)

-Increased SAR

-Increased anatomic Coverage

-No effect on SNR or Detail

Increasing Slice Thickness:

-Increase SNR

-Decreased Spatial resolution

-Increased chance for Partial Volume Artifacts

-No effect on Scan time and SAR

Increasing # of Sat Bands:

-Decreased SNR

-Increased Scan Time (Due to increased TR needed)

-Increased SAR

-Decreased motion/Flow Artifacts

-No effect on Image detail

increasing NEX/NSA (Number of excitations):

-Increase SNR

-Increase Scan Time

-Increase SAR

-Increase chance of motion

-No effect on Detail

Increased TI (Inversion Time):

-Decreased SNR

-Increased Scan Time

-Increased Tissue Saturation

-No effect on Detail or SAR

Increased Phase Matrix:

-Decreased SNR

-Increased Scan Time

-Increased Spatial Resolution

-Increased SAR

-Decreased Truncation Artifacts

Increased Flip Angle:

-Increased SNR

-Increased SAR

-Decreased Susceptibility

-No effect on Scan time or Detail

Increased rBw (Receiver Bandwidth):

-Decreased SNR

-Decreased Scan Time

-Decreased Chemical shift and Metal Artifacts

-No effect on Detail or SAR

The pulse sequence that should be utilized the least in a patient with implanted metallic hardware is:

Gradient echo

-Gradient echo sequences lack a 180° RF pulse that aids in correcting local magnetic field inhomogeneities, found in metallic implants.

The primary biological effect of radiofrequency fields is ____________.

Tissue heating

As the flip angle is doubled, the RF absorption increases by a factor of __________.

As the flip angle is doubled, the RF absorption increases by a factor of 4.

The general public is limited to a magnetic field of ___________?

5 Gauss

RF heating is more of a concern in ________ sequences.

Fast spin echo

FDA limits for whole body SAR is ______ over 15 minutes of scanning.

4 W/kg

Magnetic susceptibility artifacts are more prominent with _____________ sequences.

Gradient Echo

A remedy for a Gibbs truncation artifact would be:

Increase the number of phase encodings

Contrast in Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) depends on:

I. The degree to which molecular mobility is impaired (water restriction)

II. The sensitivity of the sequence to Brownian motion

III. T1 relaxation time

IV. The direction of water diffusion

V. T2 relaxation time

I, II and IV

The final result in a perfusion study is:

A spectrum of specific detected metabolites

The imaging technique that employs a very rapid pulse sequence while the patient is at rest or performing a task is:

Functional MRI

If the TR in a gradient echo sequence is less than the T2 (or T2*), the resulting condition is known as:

Steady state

In a Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence, acquired with a long TE, yielding T2 weighted images, scan time can be reduced by:

Using longer ETL

-Longer ETL (echo train lengths) shorten overall scan times in Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequences.

In a Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence, acquired with a short echo time (TE), yielding T1 or PD weighted images, blurring can be reduced by:

Using shorter ETL

The structures that comprise the rotator cuff in the shoulder are:

- Subscapularis muscle and tendon

- Infraspinatus muscle and tendon

- Teres minor muscle and tendon

- Supraspinatus muscle and tendon

T2 weighted FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) sequences are typically used for evaluation of:

White matter disease

-T2 weighted FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) sequences are typically used for evaluation of periventricular white matter.

Short TAU inversion recovery (STIR) sequences are typically used for the evaluation of:

Short TAU inversion recovery (STIR) sequences are typically used for the evaluation of compression fracture, lesions within retro-orbital fat, musculoskeletal contusions and fat suppression.

When a gradient echo sequence is selected for fast, breath hold dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging of the abdomen, _____________ is utilized.

Spoiling

-To reduce the steady state (T2*) effect, a technique known as "spoiling" can be employed to allow for fast scans with T1 contrast. RF spoiling occurs when additional RF pulses are used to "spoil away" the steady state effect (residual transverse magnetization) before the next excitation, yielding T1 contrast for dynamic imaging of organs or CE MRA sequences.

Gradient echo sequences requiring high signal from fluid are known as:

Incoherent gradient echo

-Gradient echo sequences requiring high signal from fluid are known as T2* gradient echo, Steady-state gradient echo or coherent gradient echo. Incoherent gradient echo (or spoiled gradient echo) sequences yield T1 contrast due to the removal of residual transverse magnetization before the next excitation.

Dynamic enhanced MRA sequences of the mesenteric arteries are performed using

Incoherent gradient echo

-Gradient echo sequences requiring high signal from fluid are known as T2* gradient echo, Steady-state gradient echo or coherent gradient echo. Incoherent gradient echo (or spoiled gradient echo) sequences yield T1 contrast due to the removal of residual transverse magnetization before the next excitation. This fast T1 contrast can be utilized in dynamic MRI imaging of the abdominal organs or CE MRA techniques.

Gradient echo sequences can yield either T1 or T2* characteristics, with influences caused by:

Inversion time

-Gradient echo sequences can yield either T1 or T2* characteristics, with influences caused by susceptibility, Chemical shift, and inhomogeneities.

Which field strengths would require the shortest TI time to suppress the signal from fat when performing a STIR sequence in an MRI of the ankle?

0.5T

If the desire is to null the signal from a specific tissue using an inversion recovery sequence, the inversion time (TI) selected should be ______ of the T1 relaxation time of that tissue.

69%

-If the desire is to null the signal from a specific tissue using an inversion recovery sequence, the inversion time (TI) selected should be 69% of the T1 relaxation time of that tissue.

When parallel imaging techniques are utilized, a low resolution __________ is acquired prior to the acquisition.

Calibration scan

In a Fast Spin Echo sequence, the number of shots is calculated by:

#Phase encodings / ETL

-In a Fast Spin Echo sequence, the number of shots is calculated by #Phase encodings / ETL.

In a medical malpractice lawsuit, the ______ must be able to prove medical malpractice.

Patient plaintiff

Healthcare workers generally practice ___________, which states the "goal is to do no harm."

Beneficence

Referencing the White Paper on MRI safety, individuals identified as "Level 2" personnel include:

Those with extensive MRI safety training, including the magnetic, gradient and RF fields

Referencing the White Paper on MRI safety, individuals identified as "Level 1" personnel include:

Those with limited MRI safety training

What is NOT a type of fomite found in an MRI environment?

Injection syringe

-A fomite is an object that carries microorganisms from one person to another via indirect contact.

Diseases, such as malaria, in which microorganisms are transferred via an insect, come under the classification of __________ infections.

Vector borne

Which type of blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis?

Leukocyte

The source of infection where pathogens thrive in numbers sufficient to cause a threat is known as a:

Reservoir

A technologist may be permitted to administer oxygen in an emergency situation. The most common rate used is:

2L/min

-Oxygen is considered a medication and in order to be administered, must be prescribed by a physician. A technologist may administer oxygen in an emergency situation. The most frequent rate used is 2L/min.

In a dual contrast spin echo sequence with echo times of 25ms and 90ms, the second echo image has __________ than the first echo image

I. more T2 contrast

II. lower signal-to-noise ratio

III. more T1 contrast

I and II only

-Longer TE's provide more T2 contrast, but reduced signal-to-noise ratios

As the TE is increased,

I. The available number of slices is increased

II. The available number of slices is decreased

III. SNR increases

IV. T1 contrast is maximized

II only

-As the TE is increased, the available number of slices are decreased (longer TE means fewer slices can fit into the TR period)

Which sequences is the most insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity?

Spin echo

-Spin echo sequences contain 180° RF refocusing pulse(s), which aid in correcting for local field inhomogeneities, therefore making them the most INSENSITIVE to chemical shift, susceptibility or inhomogeneity.

As the TR is increased,

I. SNR is increased

II. Available number of slices is increased

III. T2 information is maximized

I and II only

CSF suppression is performed with which type of technique?

FLAIR

The _________ is defined as the resonant frequency, and is equal to the product of the magnetic field and the gyromagnetic ratio.

Precessional frequency

-The precessional frequency is defined as the resonant frequency, and is equal to the product of the magnetic field and the gyromagnetic ratio

A magnetic vector possesses attributes of both __________ and _____________.

Magnitude; direction

-A magnetic vector possesses attributes of both magnitude (strength) and direction.

Immediately following the application of the 90° RF pulse, the precessing protons:

Immediately following the application of the 90° RF pulse, the precessing protons begin to precess in phase and tip into the transverse plane.

When imaging the female pelvis, the most optimal view for evaluation of the ovaries is the:

Coronal

The ___________ valve lies between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV).

Mitral

-The mitral valve lies between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV).

Which of the following parameter adjustments help to improve SNR in an MR image?

I. Increase TR

II.Reduce Phase Matrix

III. Reduce Pixel Size

IV. Increase FOV

V. Reduce rBW

VI. Increase rBW

VII. Increase NSA

VIII. Decrease NSA

IX. Increase ETL

X. Decrease ETL

I, II, IV, V, VII and X

-Increasing TR, Reducing the Phase Matrix, Increasing the FOV, Reducing (narrowing) the receive Bandwidth, Increasing NEX/NSA and Reducing the #ETL all help to improve SNR in an MR image.

Which of the following parameter adjustments reduce the overall SNR in an MR image?

I. Decrease TR

II.Reduce Phase Matrix

III. Reduce Pixel Size

IV. Decrease FOV

V. Reduce rBW

VI. Increase rBW

VII. Increase NEX

VIII. Decrease NEX

IX. Increase ETL

X. Decrease ETL

I, III, IV, VI, VIII and IX

Fat has a _______ T1 relaxation time and a ________ T2 relaxation time.

Short; short