All of them!

Research by Zigarmi and Roberts (2017) found that followers feel positively about their job when ______.

followers perceive a match between their own needs and their leader’s behavior

What does the holding environment represent in the adaptive leadership model?

the safe space where adaptive leadership work gets done

A leader who lets followers take responsibility for task accomplishments and has less involvement with followers is using a ______ style.

delegating

Leader flexibility is considered a strength within the situational leadership approach because ______.

followers act differently when working toward different goals, so leaders should be adaptable

For leaders to be effective, the situational approach posits that leaders must match their leadership style directly with their followers’ development levels.

True

Teamwork and taskwork are similar in that both ______.

have an emphasis on goal achievement

Jamie communicates well with her followers by encouraging their work and helping them plan their daily tasks. According to the situational approach, which leader behavioral style is Jamie using?

coaching

The situational approach can be applied in almost any organization, at any level, and with nearly any project.

True

A leader who gives recognition and social support to followers is using a ______ style.

supporting

According to Bowen and Lawler, which of these empowers employees?

performance−based rewards

The later LMX studies found that ______.

high−quality leader−member exchanges foster positive job outcomes

In LMX theory, leaders should strive to treat followers ______.

independently

Followers in the out−group tend to be more reliable, involved, and communicative with leaders.

False

According to early LMX theory, out−group members ______.

are less likely to develop high−quality relationships with leaders

The creation of in−groups and out−groups within work settings can be helpful in creating healthy competition and motivation among different groups.

False

According to LMX theory, high quality exchanges between leaders and followers produce ______.

better organizational commitment

An in−group member would most likely be characterized by ______.

a desire to go beyond prescribed roles

Leadership development suggests that ______ are responsible for making the offers for improved career−oriented interactions.

leaders or followers

Followers with an external locus of control believe that ______ control(s) life’s events.

fate

How influential a leader is on follower performance is contingent on followers’ characteristics and the tasks they are performing.

True

One key to emerging as a leader is to ______.

be perceived by others as likable and knowledgeable

What type of culture is most likely if an organization has strong management without effective leadership?

bureaucratic

Social identity theory would suggest leadership emergence occurs when ______.

Option D

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an individual becomes most like the group prototype

The view that leadership is a behavior predates the view that leadership is a trait.

False

What kind of power is given to leaders by their followers?

personal

Leadership occurs in both large and small groups.

True

The process definition of leadership states that certain individuals have inborn qualities that differentiate them from non−leaders.

False

Which part of the leadership definition offered in the textbook gives leadership its ethical tone?

common goals

Why do people say that influence is the “sine qua non” of leadership?

Without influence, leadership does not exist.

The current book is based upon substantive leadership theories but emphasizes ______.

practice and application

What factor in authentic leadership often enables leaders to transcend individual differences?

moral reasoning

Research on ethics and the millennial generation underscores the notion that ______.

ethical perspectives can change over time and research needs to keep up

Individuals who find servant leadership a form of micromanagement ______.

lack follower receptivity, which is an antecedent condition of servant leadership

Servant leadership works best when leaders have a strong sense of self−awareness and can take care of their own needs before helping others.

False

The Heifetz perspective on ethical leadership suggests that it is up to the leader to provide a trusting, empathic “holding environment” for followers to feel safe while confronting difficult problems. This concept is also part of the ______ leadership theory.

adaptive

Burns’s ethical approach emphasizes how leaders help followers ______.

adopt higher standards of moral responsibility

A preexisting factor that influences servant leadership processes is considered a(n) ______.

antecedent condition of servant leadership

Virtue−based theories of ethics focus on the conduct of leaders rather than who they are as people.

False

A strength of the leadership ethics approach is that when employees perceive that their leaders are ethical role models, they are ______.

more cooperative and less devious

Which ethical leadership principle resembles the main focus of the servant leadership approach?

Ethical leaders serve others.

Only leaders at the top level of an organization can effectively apply task and relationship behaviors.

False

Kirkpatrick and Locke’s research postulated that ______.

leaders are distinctly different people due to their inborn traits

What criticism has been launched at the behavioral approach regarding using follower responses to leader questionnaires?

Followers’ perceptions may be biased and not reflect actual leader behaviors.

In his early studies, Stogdill found that leaders in one situation would almost always be leaders in another situation.

False

“To be successful, you should exploit what you are good at. That is, do what you can naturally do well.” This statement describes the idea behind ______.

strengths leadership

The individual attributes factor in the skills model suggests that ______.

traits used to solve complex problems are related to leader performance

The goal of the trait approach is to ______.

distinguish leaders from nonleaders

What is true of relationship behaviors?

They help group members feel comfortable with one another.

Emotional intelligence can be described as the ability to ______.

recognize and manage emotions

A task−focused leader can be described as someone who ______.

is interested in organizing work and taking action